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Pharmacology for Technicians > Chapter 19: Nutrition, Fluids, and Electrolytes and Drug Therapy > Flashcards

Chapter 19: Nutrition, Fluids, and Electrolytes and Drug Therapy Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamin
AC

A

An organic substance that the body needs for normal metabolic functioning but does not synthesize, so the body must obtain it from food.

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2
Q

Coenzyme
AC

A

A chemical other than a protein that an enzyme needs for assistance in performing a metabolic function.

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3
Q

Fat-soluble Vitamin
AC

A

A vitamin the body absorbs along with dietary fat and maintains in large stores; the fat-soluble vitamins are
Vitamins A, D, and K.

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4
Q

Vitamin A
AC

A

A vitamin essential to photoreceptor cell growth and regeneration.

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5
Q

Keratomalacia
AC

A

A softening and ulceration of the cornea of the eye.

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6
Q

Calciferol
AC

A

The collective name of the D vitamins.

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7
Q

Vitamin D
AC

A

A vitamin with many responsibilities in the body, including regulating calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone levels.

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8
Q

Cholecalciferol
AC

A

Another name for Vitamin D3; synthesized in the skin in response to sunlight.

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9
Q

Rickets
AC

A

A childhood disease in which a lack of vitamin D results in bone softening and muscle weakness.

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10
Q

Osteomalacia
AC

A

A bone disorder that presents as bone pain, muscle weakness, difficultly walking, and bone fractures and can be treated with Vitamin D.

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11
Q

Phytonadione
AC

A

A dietary form of Vitamin K

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12
Q

Water-soluble Vitamins
AC

A

A vitamin that is excreted in the urine and is not stored in the body; includes Vitamin C and the B vitamins.

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13
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
AC

A

A syndrome in which in which thiamine deficiency is present; occurs in patients with alcohol use disorder.

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14
Q

Beriberi
AC

A

A condition associated with a diet low in vitamin B1 that presents with numbness, tingling, edema, and heart failure.

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15
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
AC

A

A critical molecule in cellular energy production.

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16
Q

Pellagra
AC

A

A disease that presents with hyperpigmented rash in areas of exposed skin, swelling of the mouth and tongue, diarrhea, and anxiety; often develops in patients with gastrointestinal diseases or alcohol use disorder.

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17
Q

Folic Acid
AC

A

A vitamin that helps the body produce and maintain RBCs; also known as folate and vitamin B9.

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18
Q

Homocysteine
AC

A

An amino acid associated with cardiovascular disease.

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19
Q

Vitamin B12
AC

A

A vitamin naturally occurring many animal products such as meat, fish, poultry, eggs, and milk; also known as cobalamin.

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20
Q

Cobalamin
AC

A

A coenzyme necessary for cell reproduction, normal growth, and RBC production; also known as vitamin B12.

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21
Q

Antioxidant
AC

A

One of a number of substances believed to help prevent cell damage caused by free radicals.

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22
Q

Scurvy
AC

A

A disease rarely seen in the United States, indicative of severe lack of vitamin C.

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23
Q

Electrolyte
AC

A

A substance that dissociates into ions within a solution or solvent and is thus capable of conducting electricity.

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24
Q

Total Body Water (TBW)
AC

A

The amount of water in the body including intracellular and extracellular fluids.

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25
Q

Osmosis
AC

A

The movement of fluid molecules across a semipermeable membrane from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.

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26
Q

Intracellular
AC

A

Within a cell.

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27
Q

Extracellular
AC

A

Outside of cells.

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28
Q

IV Fluid
AC

A

A fluid used to replace fluids and electrolytes lost through dehydration.

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29
Q

Tonicity
AC

A

The concentration of a solute (dissolved substance) in a solvent (liquid vehicle, such as water) and how that concentration affects the movement of water across membranes within the body.

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30
Q

Osmolarity
AC

A

The concentration of all molecules in a set volume of fluid.

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31
Q

Isotonic Solution
AC

A

A solution with the same level of particles, and thus the same tonicity, as body fluids.

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32
Q

Hypertonic Solution
AC

A

A solution with a higher concentration of solute than bodily fluids contain.

33
Q

Hypotonic Solution
AC

A

A solution with a lower concentration than bodily fluids contain.

34
Q

Crystalloid Solution
AC

A

An IV solution containing electrolytes.

35
Q

Colloid Solution
AC

A

An IV solution that contains proteins and other large molecules, such as fats.

36
Q

Cation
AC

A

A positively charged ion.

37
Q

Anion
AC

A

A negatively charged ion.

38
Q

Milliequivalents (mEq)
AC

A

A unit commonly used to measure electrolytes.

39
Q

Hyponatremia
AC

A

A low sodium concentration relative to the normal range.

40
Q

Hypernatremia
AC

A

A elevated sodium concentration relative to the normal range.

41
Q

Hypokalemia
AC

A

A condition of potassium concentration that is lower than normal.

42
Q

Hypercalcemia
AC

A

A condition in which the calcium level in the blood is below normal.

43
Q

Hypomagnesemia
AC

A

A depletion of magnesium in the body.

44
Q

Hypermagnesemia
AC

A

An excess of magnesium in the body.

45
Q

Hypochloremia
AC

A

A depletion of chloride in the body caused by loss of fluid.

46
Q

Hyperchloremia
AC

A

An excess of chloride in the body.

47
Q

Hypophosphatemia
AC

A

A drop in phosphate in the bloodstream.

48
Q

Hyperphosphatemia
AC

A

An excess of phosphate in the blood that can be caused by tumor lysis syndrome, rhabdomyolysis, lactic acidosis, or diabetic ketoacidosis.

49
Q

Acidosis
AC

A

A condition that occurs when the pH of blood and/or extracellular fluid drops below the normal range, less than 7.35.

50
Q

Metabolic Acidosis
AC

A

A form of acidosis occurring when excess acid is produced, bicarbonate is lost, or the kidneys do not excrete enough acid.

51
Q

Respiratory Acidosis
AC

A

A form of acidosis resulting from slow breathing and retention of carbon dioxide in the blood.

52
Q

Alkalosis
AC

A

A condition that occurs when there is a relative excess or bicarbonate in the blood and/or extracellular fluid and the pH rises above the normal range, more than 7.45.

53
Q

Metabolic Alkalosis
AC

A

A form of alkalosis occurring when excess acid is excreted via the kidneys or acid is lost from the stomach.

54
Q

Respiratory Alkalosis
AC

A

A form of alkalosis occurring when breathing becomes more rapid and more carbon dioxide is exhaled and eliminated from the blood.

55
Q

Ammonium Chloride
AC

A

A salt of ammonium.

56
Q

Sodium Bicarbonate
AC

A

A basic substance used as an antacid for heartburn and acid indigestion, a systemic alkalinizer for treating metabolic acidosis, and urinary alkalinizer when treating hemolytic emergencies and drug overdoses.

57
Q

Obesity
AC

A

A condition characterized by excessive accumulation and storage of fat in the body.

58
Q

Centrally Distributed Fat
AC

A

Adipose tissue that accumulates in the abdominal area rather than in the hips, thighs, or buttocks.

59
Q

Bariatric Surgery
AC

A

Any of several surgical options for achieving significant weight loss.

60
Q

Laparoscopic Gastric Banding
AC

A

A restrictive type of bariatric surgery that effectively makes the stomach smaller to prevent excess food intake.

61
Q

Gastric Bypass
AC

A

A malabsorptive bariatric surgery that bypasses parts of the intestine to prevent the full absorption of nutrients from foods.

62
Q

Lipase Inhibitor
AC

A

An agent that binds to gastric and pancreatic enzymes in the intestine, preventing enzymes from breaking down fats to be absorbed.

63
Q

Sympathomimetrics
AC

A

One of a class of drugs that treat obesity by stimulating the central nervous system, much as amphetamines do.

64
Q

Glucagon-like Peptide
AC

A

A gastric hormone that stimulates glucose-dependent insulin secretion and inhibits glucagon release and gastric emptying; acts a regulator of appetite and caloric intake.

65
Q

Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists
AC

A

An agent that treats diabetes by mimicking the endogenous incretin hormones GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide.

66
Q

Malnutrition
AC

A

A lack of adequate nutrient intake to supply basic metabolic needs.

67
Q

Marasmus
AC

A

A chronic condition caused by inadequate caloric and protein intake over a prolonged time.

68
Q

Cachexia
AC

A

A condition in which muscle and fat tissue waste away.

69
Q

Kwashiorkor
AC

A

A condition in which caloric intake is adequate but protein intake is deficient.

70
Q

Enteral Nutrition
AC

A

A method of feeding a patient liquid nutrients through a tube inserted into the gastrointestinal tract.

71
Q

Parenteral Nutrition (PN)
AC

A

Nutrition provided by feeding a patient through an IV line; also known as total parenteral nutrition.

72
Q

Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)
AC

A

Nutrition provided by feeding a patient through an IV line; also known as parenteral nutrition.

73
Q

Two-in-one
AC

A

A formulation for parenteral nutrition that contains amino acids and dextrose but no lipids.

74
Q

Total Nutrient Admixture (TNA)
AC

A

An amnio acid-dextrose-lipid formulation used for parenteral nutrition; also known as a three-in-one.

75
Q

Pooling
AC

A

A time-saving process used in the preparation of a three-in-one parenteral nutrition in which all electrolytes except phosphate are put into a small-volume parenteral bag and then transferred into each batch.

76
Q

Cracking
AC

A

A separation of lipid from a parenteral nutrition solution.

77
Q

Compounder
AC

A

An automated pumping system that compounds multiple ingredients into a finished solution in a single patient bag of parenteral nutrition solution.

78
Q

Probiotics
AC

A

A live microorganism ingested for health benefits.

Pharmacology for Technicians (8 decks)

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