Chapter 19: Nutrition, Fluids, and Electrolytes and Drug Therapy Flashcards
Vitamin
AC
An organic substance that the body needs for normal metabolic functioning but does not synthesize, so the body must obtain it from food.
Coenzyme
AC
A chemical other than a protein that an enzyme needs for assistance in performing a metabolic function.
Fat-soluble Vitamin
AC
A vitamin the body absorbs along with dietary fat and maintains in large stores; the fat-soluble vitamins are
Vitamins A, D, and K.
Vitamin A
AC
A vitamin essential to photoreceptor cell growth and regeneration.
Keratomalacia
AC
A softening and ulceration of the cornea of the eye.
Calciferol
AC
The collective name of the D vitamins.
Vitamin D
AC
A vitamin with many responsibilities in the body, including regulating calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone levels.
Cholecalciferol
AC
Another name for Vitamin D3; synthesized in the skin in response to sunlight.
Rickets
AC
A childhood disease in which a lack of vitamin D results in bone softening and muscle weakness.
Osteomalacia
AC
A bone disorder that presents as bone pain, muscle weakness, difficultly walking, and bone fractures and can be treated with Vitamin D.
Phytonadione
AC
A dietary form of Vitamin K
Water-soluble Vitamins
AC
A vitamin that is excreted in the urine and is not stored in the body; includes Vitamin C and the B vitamins.
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
AC
A syndrome in which in which thiamine deficiency is present; occurs in patients with alcohol use disorder.
Beriberi
AC
A condition associated with a diet low in vitamin B1 that presents with numbness, tingling, edema, and heart failure.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
AC
A critical molecule in cellular energy production.
Pellagra
AC
A disease that presents with hyperpigmented rash in areas of exposed skin, swelling of the mouth and tongue, diarrhea, and anxiety; often develops in patients with gastrointestinal diseases or alcohol use disorder.
Folic Acid
AC
A vitamin that helps the body produce and maintain RBCs; also known as folate and vitamin B9.
Homocysteine
AC
An amino acid associated with cardiovascular disease.
Vitamin B12
AC
A vitamin naturally occurring many animal products such as meat, fish, poultry, eggs, and milk; also known as cobalamin.
Cobalamin
AC
A coenzyme necessary for cell reproduction, normal growth, and RBC production; also known as vitamin B12.
Antioxidant
AC
One of a number of substances believed to help prevent cell damage caused by free radicals.
Scurvy
AC
A disease rarely seen in the United States, indicative of severe lack of vitamin C.
Electrolyte
AC
A substance that dissociates into ions within a solution or solvent and is thus capable of conducting electricity.
Total Body Water (TBW)
AC
The amount of water in the body including intracellular and extracellular fluids.
Osmosis
AC
The movement of fluid molecules across a semipermeable membrane from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.
Intracellular
AC
Within a cell.
Extracellular
AC
Outside of cells.
IV Fluid
AC
A fluid used to replace fluids and electrolytes lost through dehydration.
Tonicity
AC
The concentration of a solute (dissolved substance) in a solvent (liquid vehicle, such as water) and how that concentration affects the movement of water across membranes within the body.
Osmolarity
AC
The concentration of all molecules in a set volume of fluid.
Isotonic Solution
AC
A solution with the same level of particles, and thus the same tonicity, as body fluids.
Hypertonic Solution
AC
A solution with a higher concentration of solute than bodily fluids contain.
Hypotonic Solution
AC
A solution with a lower concentration than bodily fluids contain.
Crystalloid Solution
AC
An IV solution containing electrolytes.
Colloid Solution
AC
An IV solution that contains proteins and other large molecules, such as fats.
Cation
AC
A positively charged ion.
Anion
AC
A negatively charged ion.
Milliequivalents (mEq)
AC
A unit commonly used to measure electrolytes.
Hyponatremia
AC
A low sodium concentration relative to the normal range.
Hypernatremia
AC
A elevated sodium concentration relative to the normal range.
Hypokalemia
AC
A condition of potassium concentration that is lower than normal.
Hypercalcemia
AC
A condition in which the calcium level in the blood is below normal.
Hypomagnesemia
AC
A depletion of magnesium in the body.
Hypermagnesemia
AC
An excess of magnesium in the body.
Hypochloremia
AC
A depletion of chloride in the body caused by loss of fluid.
Hyperchloremia
AC
An excess of chloride in the body.
Hypophosphatemia
AC
A drop in phosphate in the bloodstream.
Hyperphosphatemia
AC
An excess of phosphate in the blood that can be caused by tumor lysis syndrome, rhabdomyolysis, lactic acidosis, or diabetic ketoacidosis.
Acidosis
AC
A condition that occurs when the pH of blood and/or extracellular fluid drops below the normal range, less than 7.35.
Metabolic Acidosis
AC
A form of acidosis occurring when excess acid is produced, bicarbonate is lost, or the kidneys do not excrete enough acid.
Respiratory Acidosis
AC
A form of acidosis resulting from slow breathing and retention of carbon dioxide in the blood.
Alkalosis
AC
A condition that occurs when there is a relative excess or bicarbonate in the blood and/or extracellular fluid and the pH rises above the normal range, more than 7.45.
Metabolic Alkalosis
AC
A form of alkalosis occurring when excess acid is excreted via the kidneys or acid is lost from the stomach.
Respiratory Alkalosis
AC
A form of alkalosis occurring when breathing becomes more rapid and more carbon dioxide is exhaled and eliminated from the blood.
Ammonium Chloride
AC
A salt of ammonium.
Sodium Bicarbonate
AC
A basic substance used as an antacid for heartburn and acid indigestion, a systemic alkalinizer for treating metabolic acidosis, and urinary alkalinizer when treating hemolytic emergencies and drug overdoses.
Obesity
AC
A condition characterized by excessive accumulation and storage of fat in the body.
Centrally Distributed Fat
AC
Adipose tissue that accumulates in the abdominal area rather than in the hips, thighs, or buttocks.
Bariatric Surgery
AC
Any of several surgical options for achieving significant weight loss.
Laparoscopic Gastric Banding
AC
A restrictive type of bariatric surgery that effectively makes the stomach smaller to prevent excess food intake.
Gastric Bypass
AC
A malabsorptive bariatric surgery that bypasses parts of the intestine to prevent the full absorption of nutrients from foods.
Lipase Inhibitor
AC
An agent that binds to gastric and pancreatic enzymes in the intestine, preventing enzymes from breaking down fats to be absorbed.
Sympathomimetrics
AC
One of a class of drugs that treat obesity by stimulating the central nervous system, much as amphetamines do.
Glucagon-like Peptide
AC
A gastric hormone that stimulates glucose-dependent insulin secretion and inhibits glucagon release and gastric emptying; acts a regulator of appetite and caloric intake.
Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists
AC
An agent that treats diabetes by mimicking the endogenous incretin hormones GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide.
Malnutrition
AC
A lack of adequate nutrient intake to supply basic metabolic needs.
Marasmus
AC
A chronic condition caused by inadequate caloric and protein intake over a prolonged time.
Cachexia
AC
A condition in which muscle and fat tissue waste away.
Kwashiorkor
AC
A condition in which caloric intake is adequate but protein intake is deficient.
Enteral Nutrition
AC
A method of feeding a patient liquid nutrients through a tube inserted into the gastrointestinal tract.
Parenteral Nutrition (PN)
AC
Nutrition provided by feeding a patient through an IV line; also known as total parenteral nutrition.
Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)
AC
Nutrition provided by feeding a patient through an IV line; also known as parenteral nutrition.
Two-in-one
AC
A formulation for parenteral nutrition that contains amino acids and dextrose but no lipids.
Total Nutrient Admixture (TNA)
AC
An amnio acid-dextrose-lipid formulation used for parenteral nutrition; also known as a three-in-one.
Pooling
AC
A time-saving process used in the preparation of a three-in-one parenteral nutrition in which all electrolytes except phosphate are put into a small-volume parenteral bag and then transferred into each batch.
Cracking
AC
A separation of lipid from a parenteral nutrition solution.
Compounder
AC
An automated pumping system that compounds multiple ingredients into a finished solution in a single patient bag of parenteral nutrition solution.
Probiotics
AC
A live microorganism ingested for health benefits.
