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Pharmacology for Technicians > Chapter 16: The Immune System, Antibiotics, and Drug Therapy > Flashcards

Chapter 16: The Immune System, Antibiotics, and Drug Therapy Flashcards

1
Q

Immune System
AC

A

A complex system made up of specialized organs, ducts, cells, and proteins; responsible for fighting infections and protecting the body.

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2
Q

Bone Marrow
AC

A

The spongey material inside bones that is responsible for white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.

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3
Q

Lymphatic System
AC

A

The network of tubes and lymph nodes throughout the body.

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4
Q

Spleen
AC

A

An organ that filters blood and removes microbes and damaged red blood cells.

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5
Q

Pathogen
AC

A

A microorganism, such as a bacteria or virus, capable of causing an infection or disease.

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6
Q

Innate Immune System
AC

A

The immune system a person is born with, which orchestrates the body’s automatic response to pathogens and provides nonspecific immunity.

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7
Q

Nonspecific Immunity
AC

A

The type of immunity provided by the innate immune system, which responds similarly to all pathogens; also known as innate immunity.

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8
Q

Complement System
AC

A

A collection of proteins that trigger one another in a chain reaction to enhance the immune system by attracting inflammatory cells, marking some bacteria for destruction by phagocytes. killing other pathogenic microbes directly, and clearing immune complexes from the body.

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9
Q

Phagocytosis
AC

A

The process by phagocytes engulf and usually destroy pathogens and other particulate matter.

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10
Q

Adaptive Immune System
AC

A

System within the body that learns and remembers specific pathogens it has encountered and provides long-lasting protection and defense against recurring infections; also known as the acquired immune system.

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11
Q

Antibody
AC

A

A Y-shaped protein that recognizes and then binds to a specific type of antigen after the immune system has been exposed to that antigen.

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12
Q

Antigen
AC

A

A molecule or molecular structure, often found on the surfaces of pathogens such as bacteria or viruses; elicits an immune response and can bind with an antibody, T cell, or other product of that response.

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13
Q

Bacteria
AC

A

Single-celled microorganisms that exist in three primary forms: spherical (cocci), rod shaped (bacilli) and spiral (spirilla).

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14
Q

Pathogenic
AC

A

Causing or capable of causing disease or infection.

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15
Q

Bacterial Infection
AC

A

A condition in which bacteria grow in body tissues and cause tissue damage to the host either by their presence or by toxins they produce.

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16
Q

Aerobic
AC

A

Needing oxygen in order to survive.

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17
Q

Anaerobic
AC

A

Capable of surviving in the absence of oxygen.

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18
Q

Spectrum of Activity
AC

A

The range of bacteria against which an agent is effective.

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19
Q

Culture and Sensitivity Test (C&S test)
AC

A

A laboratory test that helps determine which antibodies have the best effect on a pathogen culture.

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20
Q

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
AC

A

The lowest concentration of an antibiotic needed to inhibit the growth of a bacteria.

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21
Q

Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic
AC

A

An antibiotic that is effective against multiple organisms.

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22
Q

Empirical Treatment
AC

A

Use of a medication to treat a patient before the specific microorganism causing their infection is identified.

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23
Q

Nosocomial Infection
AC

A

An infection acquired by a patient in a hospital or nursing home.

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24
Q

Bactericidal Agent
AC

A

A drug that kills bacteria.

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25
Q

Bacteriostatic Agent
AC

A

A drug that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria.

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26
Q

Antibiotic Resistance
AC

A

The development by bacteria of defense mechanisms that resist, or inactive antibiotic used on those bacteria

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27
Q

Antiseptic
AC

A

A substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms on the outside of the body.

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28
Q

Disinfectant
AC

A

An agent that destroys infectious organisms on nonliving objects.

29
Q

Sulfonamide
AC

A

A sulfa drug; a member of a class of bacteriostatic antibiotics that work by blocking bacteria from making folic acid, which is essential to their survival.

30
Q

Steven-Johnson Syndrome
AC

A

A sometimes-fatal allergic reaction marked by red blotches on the skin.

31
Q

Long QT Syndrome (QT prolongation)
AC

A

A heart rhythm disorder.

32
Q

Arrhythmia
AC

A

A variation in heartbeat; irregular heartbeat.

33
Q

Penicillin
AC

A

A member of a class of antibiotics obtained from Penicillium chrysogenum; kills bacteria by preventing them from forming a rigid cell well, thereby allowing an excessive amount of water to enter through osmosis and cause lysis of the bacterium cell.

34
Q

Beta-lactamase
AC

A

An enzyme that destroys the beta-lactam ring present in the molecular structure of all penicillin.

35
Q

Beta-lactamase Inhibitor
AC

A

An agent that inhibits beta-lactamase.

36
Q

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)
AC

A

A bacteria that causes infections and is resistant to certain drugs.

37
Q

Cephalosporin
AC

A

A member of a class of antibiotics that has a mechanism of action similar to that of penicillins but differs in antibacterial spectrum, resistance to beta-lactamase, and pharmacokinetics; divided into first-, second-, third-, fourth-, and fifth- generation agents.

38
Q

Generation
AC

A

One of five numbered groups into which cephalosporins are organized.

39
Q

Community-acquired
AC

A

Contracted outside of a hospital or nursing home.

40
Q

Sepsis
AC

A

A life-threatening systemic inflammatory response to an infection.

41
Q

Carbapenem
AC

A

A member of a class of drugs used for mixed infections that have both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

42
Q

Monobactam
AC

A

A member of a class of drugs used from Gram-negative bacterial infections.

43
Q

Macrolide
AC

A

A member of a class of drugs that block bacteria’s ability to produce proteins for survival.

44
Q

Lincosamide
AC

A

A member of a class of drugs that block bacteria’s ability to produce proteins for survival.

45
Q

Loading Dose
AC

A

The amount of a drug that will bring its blood concentration rapidly to a therapeutic level.

46
Q

Jaundice
AC

A

A yellowing of the skin and eyes.

47
Q

Aminoglycoside
AC

A

A member of a class of antibiotics that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to ribosomal subunits; commonly used to treat serious infections.

48
Q

Synergistic Drug Therapy
AC

A

Drug therapy using two or more drugs together because they employ different mechanisms of action that work better together than either drug works alone.

49
Q

Neuromuscular Blockade
AC

A

The blocking of neuromuscular transmission; skeletal muscle paralysis.

50
Q

Tetracycline
AC

A

A member of a class of board-spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis within bacterial cells.

51
Q

Fluoroquinolone
AC

A

A member of a class of drugs that kill bacteria by inhibiting the enzyme that helps DNA coil; also known as quinolone.

52
Q

Nitroimidazole
AC

A

A member of a class of drugs effective against fungi, protozoa, and bacteria.

53
Q

Oxazolidinone
AC

A

A member of a class of drugs that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.

54
Q

Cyclic Lipopeptide
AC

A

A member of a class of drugs that bind to bacterial membranes, causing cell membrane depolarization.

55
Q

Nephrotoxicity
AC

A

Toxicity that causes damage to the kidneys.

56
Q

Otoxicity
AC

A

The ability to damage the organs of hearing, damage to the nerves that effect hearing.

57
Q

pH
AC

A

A measurement of acidity or alkalinity.

58
Q

Chancre
AC

A

A painless ulcer at the site of an infection.

59
Q

Ergosterol
AC

A

A lipid unique to fungi.

60
Q

Dermatophyte
AC

A

A type of fungus that can cause infection of the skin.

61
Q

Candida

A

A common fungus that causes vaginal yeast infections and oral thrush.

62
Q

Pulse Dosing
AC

A

Dosing that produces escalating antibiotic levels early in the dosing interval followed by a prolonged dose-free period.

63
Q

Azole
AC

A

A member of a family of fungi that interfere with fungal cytochrome P450 and inhibit the formation of the fungal cell wall.

64
Q

Echinocandin
AC

A

A member of a class of antifungals that work by inhibiting the synthesis of D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall.

65
Q

Polyene
AC

A

A member of a class of drugs that interfere with cell-wall permeability.

66
Q

Oral Candidiasis
AC

A

An infection in the mouth caused by yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida.

67
Q

Normal Saline (NS)
AC

A

A sterile IV or irrigation solution containing a concentration of 0.9% sodium chloride in water.

68
Q

Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea)
AC

A

An herb some patients use to treat the common cold, respiratory tract infections, or vaginal yeast infections.

Pharmacology for Technicians (8 decks)

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