CHAPTER 20 Flashcards
1.Rhinorrhea would most likely result from a fracture of which bone? (A) Ethmoid (B) Frontal (C) Lacrimal (D) Nasal (E) Palatine
l-A. Rhinorrhea would most likely result from a fracture of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid
bone, which could tear the arachnoid membrane and result in a leakage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) into the nasal cavity.
2.Psychic blindness would most likely result from bilateral lesions in which of the following structures? (A) Accumbens septi nucleus (B) Amygdala (C) Hippocampus (D) Superior colliculus (E) Subiculum
2-B. Bilateral ablation of the amygdala results in psychic blindness, the inability to recognize
objects visually. Subjects can see objects but do not understand what they see. This sign is clas-
sically seen in Kluver-Bucy syndrome. (See “Answers and Explanations,” 4.)
3.The hippocampal formation includes all of the following structures EXCEPT the (A) dentate gyrus (B) cornu ammonis (C) subiculum (D) amygdala (E) alveus
3-D. The hippocampal formation consists of the dentate gyrus, the hippocampus (cornu ammonis), and the subiculum. The alveus, a fiber layer of the hippocampus, is the origin of the fornix
4.Which of the following signs and symptoms is NOT related to Kliiver-Bucy syndrome? (A) Hyperphagia (B) Psychic blindness (C) Docility (D) Hypersexuality (E) Amnestic confabulation
4-E. Psychic blindness (visual agnosia), docility, hyperphagia, and hypersexuality are all signs and symptoms of Kliiver-Bucy syndrome. Amnestic confabulation is the classic manifestation of Korsakoff syndrome, a late stage of Wernicke encephalopathy
5.All of the following statements concerning
the primary olfactory cortex are correct EX-
CEPT
(A) it receives olfactory input from the lateral olfactory stria
(B) it projects to the thalamus
(C) it projects to the amygdala
(D) it includes the entorhinal cortex
(E) it includes the prepiriform and periamygdaloid cortices
5-D. The primary olfactory cortex (prepiriform and periamygdaloid cortices) projects to the thalamus (dorsomedial nucleus) and to the amygdaloid complex. The lateral olfactory stria projects to the primary olfactory cortex. The entorhinal cortex (also known as the second olfactory cortex; area 28) receives input from the primary olfactory cortex.
6.All of the following statements concerning the olfactory tract are correct EXCEPT
(A) it is a telencephalic structure
(B) it contains a nucleus
(C) it projects fibers to the anterior commissure
(D) it projects via the lateral olfactory stria to the primary olfactory cortex
(E) it conducts fibers to the thalamus
6-E. The olfactory tract, a telencephalic structure, contains a relay nucleus, the anterior olfactory nucleus, which projects fibers via the anterior commissure to the opposite olfactory bulb. The olfactory tract projects via the lateral olfactory stria to the primary olfactory cortex.
7.All of the following statements concerning
taste receptor cells are correct EXCEPT
(A) they are found in the palate
(B) they mediate a special visceral afferent(SVA) modality
(C) they are innervated by the vagal nerve
(D) they are innervated by fibers that tra-
verse the chorda tympani
(E) they project to the solitary tract of the
medulla
7-E. Taste receptor cells are found in the tongue, epiglottis, palate, and esophagus. They are special visceral afferent (SVA) receptors and are innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII), the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), and the vagal nerve (CN X). The chorda tympani contains taste fibers from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue with cell bodies located in the geniculate ganglion of CN VII of the petrous part of the temporal bone. Taste receptor cells are modified epithelial cells; unlike olfactory receptor cells, which are first-order neurons, they do not project to the central nervous system (CNS).
8.The taste pathway includes all of the fol- lowing way stations EXCEPT (A) the geniculate ganglion (B) the semilunar ganglion (C) the solitary nucleus (D) cortical area 43 (E) the central tegmental tract
8-B. The peripheral taste pathway includes the geniculate ganglion of CN VII, the petrosal ganglion of CN IX, the nodose ganglion of CN X, the solitary tract and nucleus, the central tegmental tract, the ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus, and the gustatory cortex, which is located in the parietal operculum (area 43) and in the parainsular cortex. The semilunar ganglion, the terminal ganglion of CN V, is not a structure of gustation.
9.All of the following statements concerning
the circuit of Papez are correct EXCEPT
(A) the hippocampal formation projects via
the fornix to the mamillary body
(B) the mamillothalamic tract interconnects the mamillary body and the anterior nucleus of the thalamus
(C) the anterior nucleus of the thalamus projects to the cingulate gyrus
(D) the mamillary nucleus projects via the
fornix to the hippocampal formation
(E) the cingulate gyrus projects via the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampal forma-
tion
9-D. The mamillary body projects via the mamillothalamic tract to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus and via the mamillotegmental tract to the tegmental nuclei of the midbrain.
10.All of the following statements concerning the hippocampal formation are correct EXCEPT
(A) it is a three-layered paleocortex
(B) it receives mossy fiber input from the dentate gyrus
(C) the output cell is the pyramidal neuron
(D) major input is via the entorhinal cortex
(E) major output is via the fornix
10-A. The olfactory (piriform) cortex is paleocortex; the hippocampal cortex is archicortex. The archicortex and paleocortex are both three-layered cortices and are classified as allocortex (het-
erogenic cortex). The cingulate gyrus is mesocortex, or juxtallocortex, a transitional cortex between the neocortex and allocortex.
11.A meningioma of the left olfactory groove
could result in all of the following neurologic
deficits EXCEPT
(A) optic atrophy on the left side
(B) papilledema on the right side
(C) anosmia on the left side
(D) loss of visual acuity on the right side
(E) pallor of the optic disk and loss of vision on the left side
11-D. This represents Foster Kennedy syndrome with ipsilateral anosmia, optic atrophy, and contralateral papilledema. Papilledema in contradistinction to optic atrophy does not usually result in visual field defects or loss of visual acuity.
The response options for items 12-16 are the same. You will be required to select one answe rfor each item in the set.
(A) Stria terminalis
(B) Stria medullaris
(C) Medial forebrain bundle
(D) Tractus retrofiexus
(E) Diagonal band of Broca
Match the characteristic with the structure it best describes.
- Consists of septohabenular fibers
12-B. The stria medullaris (thalami) contains septohabenular fibers (i.e., fibers that project from the septal nuclei to the habenular nuclei). The stria medullaris (singular) should not be confused with the striae medullares (plural). The striae medullares (rhombencephali) arise from the arcuate nuclei of the medulla and are seen on the floor of the rhomboid fossa
The response options for items 12-16 are the same. You will be required to select one answer for each item in the set.
(A) Stria terminalis
(B) Stria medullaris
(C) Medial forebrain bundle
(D) Tractus retrofiexus
(E) Diagonal band of Broca
Match the characteristic with the structure it best describes.
- Forms the medial border of the anterior perforated substance
13-E. The diagonal band of Broca is the medial border of the anterior perforated substance. This fiber bundle contains amygdaloseptal and septoamygdalar fibers. The nucleus of the diagonal band projects via the fornix to the hippocampal formation.
The response options for items 12-16 are the same. You will be required to select one answer for each item in the set.
(A) Stria terminalis
(B) Stria medullaris
(C) Medial forebrain bundle
(D) Tractus retrofiexus
(E) Diagonal band of Broca
Match the characteristic with the structure it best describes.
- Lies between the thalamus and the caudate nucleus
14-A. The stria terminalis and the vena terminalis lie in the sulcus terminalis between the thalamus and the caudate nucleus.
The response options for items 12-16 are the same. You will be required to select one answer for each item in the set.
(A) Stria terminalis
(B) Stria medullaris
(C) Medial forebrain bundle
(D) Tractus retrofiexus
(E) Diagonal band of Broca
Match the characteristic with the structure it best describes.
- Projects from the epithalamus to the midbrain tegmentum
15-D. The tractus retroflexus contains habenulointerpeduncular fibers that project from the habenular nuclei of the epithalamus to the interpeduncular nucleus of the midbrain tegmentum.
