CHAPTER 19 Flashcards
1.The sexually dimorphic nucleus is located in the (A) anterior nucleus (B) arcuate nucleus (C) medial preoptic nucleus (D) posterior nucleus (E) ventromedial nucleus
l-C. The sexually dimorphic nucleus is located in the medial preoptic nucleus of the preoptic region.
- A 40-year-old woman, who has taken birth control pills, has a 4-month history of amenorrhea and a bitemporal hemianopia that began as a bitemporal quadrantanopia. What is the most likely cause of these deficits?
(A) Sella turcica meningioma
(B) Cavernous sinus meningioma
(C) Pituitary adenoma
(D) Optic glioma
(E) Aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery
2-C. A pituitary adenoma is characterized by amenorrhea and visual field defects, specifically a bitemporal hemianopia. The amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome includes visual abnormalities, amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and elevated serum prolactin.
3. All of the following structures are surface landmarks of the hypothalamus EXCEPT the (A) infundibulum (B) tuber cinereum (C) optic chiasm (D) tuberculum cinereum (E) mamillary bodies
3-D. The tuberculum cinereum is a surface eminence of the medulla, overlying the spinal
trigeminal tract and nucleus. The tuber cinereum is a hypothalamic prominence found on the ventral surface between the optic chiasm and the mamillary bodies.
4. The fornix consists of all of the following parts EXCEPT the (A) alveus (B) calcar avis (C) fimbria (D) crus (E) column
4-B. The calcar avis (hippocampus minor), an eminence of the medial wall of the occipital horn of the lateral ventricle, overlies the calcarine fissure.
- All of the following statements concerning the paraventricular nucleus are correct EXCEPT
(A) it contains neurosecretory neurons that produce antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
(B) it projects to the posterior pituitary gland
(C) its magnocellular neurons elaborate oxytocin
(D) it gives rise to the supraopticohypophy-
sealtract
(E) it plays a role in regulating the release of gonadotropin
5-E. The medial preoptic nucleus plays a role in regulating the release of gonadotropic hormones from the anterior pituitary gland.
6.All of the following statements concerning
hypothalamic releasing—nonreleasing hormones are correct EXCEPT
(A) they are predominantly neuropeptides
(B) they are transported to the neurohypo-
physis
(C) they include somatostatin
(D) they include dopamine
(E) they are produced in the arcuate nucleus
6-B. Hypothalamic releasing—nonreleasing hormones are transported via the tuberoinfundibular (tuberohypophyseal) tract to the sinusoids of the hypophyseal portal system, which are located in the infundibular stalk.
7.All of the following statements concerning the medial forebrain bundle are correct EXCEPT
(A) it is a major thoroughfare of the hypothalamus
(B) it traverses the entire lateral hypothalamus
(C) it interconnects the mamillary body with
the anterior nucleus of the thalamus
(D) it receives input from the septal area
(E) it receives input from the midbrain tegmentum
7-C. The medial mamillary nucleus projects via the mamillothalamic tract to the anterior nu-
cleus of the thalamus. The medial forebrain bundle interconnects the septal area, the lateral hypothalamus, and the midbrain tegmentum.
- All of the following statements concerning the hypothalamus are correct EXCEPT
(A) it is a division of the diencephalon
(B) it is perfused by the posterior communi-
cating artery
(C) it is visible only from the ventral aspect of the brain
(D) it lies within the walls of the fourth ven-tricle
(E)it includes the mamillary body
8-D. The hypothalamus, a division of the diencephalon, is visible only from the ventral surface of the brain. It is perfused by all vessels of the arterial circle of Willis, including the posterior communicating artery. The hypothalamus lies below the thalamus and within the walls of the third ventricle. The thalamus is the longest and most conspicuous part of the diencephalon.
9.The supraoptic region contains all of the following nuclei EXCEPT
(A) a nucleus that plays a role in temperature regulation
(B) a nucleus that receives substantial input
from the hippocampal formation
(C) a nucleus that manufactures antidiuretic
hormone (ADH)
(D) a nucleus that manufactures oxytocin
(E) a nucleus that receives direct input from
the retina
9-B. The hippocampal formation projects massive input to the mamillary nucleus, a nucleus of the mamillary region. The supraoptic region contains the anterior, suprachiasmatic, paraventricular, and supraoptic nuclei. The anterior nucleus plays a role in temperature regulation. The
paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei elaborate antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin. The suprachiasmatic nucleus receives direct input from the retina
- All of the following statements concerning the mamillary nucleus are correct EXCEPT
(A) it projects to the ventral anterior nucleus
of the thalamus
(B) it receives input from the hippocampal
formation
(C) it receives input from the dorsal and ven-
tral tegmental nuclei
(D) it receives input from the subiculum via
the fornix
(E) it contains hemorrhagic lesions in Wer-
nicke encephalopathy
10-A. The mamillary nucleus projects via the mamillothalamic tract to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus
- All of the following statements concerning
craniopharyngiomas are correct EXCEPT
(A) they frequently cause a bitemporal hemianopia
(B) they usually can be seen on radiography
(C) they are rarely seen in children
(D) they are thought to originate from the
Rathke pouch
(E) they may cause adiposity and diabetes insipidus
11-C. A craniopharyngioma is a congenital tumor thought to originate from remnants of the Rathke pouch and is the most common supratentorial tumor in children. These tumors are usually calcified and can be seen on plain film. Pressure on the chiasm produces a bitemporal hemianopia. Pressure on the hypothalamus causes hypothalamic syndrome (e.g., adiposity and diabetes insipidus
The response options for items 12—18 are the same. You will be required to select one answer for each item in the set.
(A) Fornix
(B) Medial forebrain bundle
(C) Stria terminalis
(D) Mamillary peduncle
(E) Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
Match each description below with the structure it best describes.
12. Extends from the posterior hypothalamic nucleus to the caudal medulla
12-E. The dorsal longitudinal fasciculus extends from the posterior hypothalamic nucleus to the caudal medulla and projects to autonomic centers of the brainstem. It contains both ascending and descending fibers.
The response options for items 12—18 are the same. You will be required to select one answer for each item in the set.
(A) Fornix
(B) Medial forebrain bundle
(C) Stria terminalis
(D) Mamillary peduncle
(E) Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
Match each description below with the structure it best describes.
13. Interconnects the hypothalamus and the amygdaloid complex
13-C. The amygdaloid complex is interconnected with the hypothalamus via the stria terminalis and the ventral amygdalofugal pathway.
The response options for items 12—18 are the same. You will be required to select one answer for each item in the set.
(A) Fornix
(B) Medial forebrain bundle
(C) Stria terminalis
(D) Mamillary peduncle
(E) Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
Match each description below with the structure it best describes.
14. Is the largest projection to the hypothalamus
14-A. The fornix contains 2.7 million fibers and is the largest projection to the hypothalamus.
The response options for items 12—18 are the same. You will be required to select one answer for each item in the set.
(A) Fornix
(B) Medial forebrain bundle
(C) Stria terminalis
(D) Mamillary peduncle
(E) Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
Match each description below with the structure it best describes.
15. Connects the septal area to the midbrain tegmentum
15-B. The medial forebrain bundle interconnects the septal area, the hypothalamus, and the midbrain tegmentum
The response options for items 12—18 are the same. You will be required to select one answer
for each item in the set.
(A) Fornix
(B) Medial forebrain bundle
(C) Stria terminalis
(D) Mamillary peduncle
(E) Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
Match each description below with the structure it best describes.
16. Conducts fibers from the hippocampal formation to the mamillary nucleus
16-A. The fornix projects from the subiculum of the hippocampal formation to the mamillary nucleus of the hypothalamus. The fornix projects to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus, septal nuclei, lateral preoptic region, and the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca.
The response options for items 12—18 are the same. You will be required to select one answer for each item in the set.
(A) Fornix
(B) Medial forebrain bundle
(C) Stria terminalis
(D) Mamillary peduncle
(E) Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
Match each description below with the structure it best describes.
17. Lies between the caudate nucleus and the thalamus
17-C. The stria terminalis lies in the sulcus terminalis with the vena terminalis, separates the head of the caudate nucleus from the thalamus, and interconnects the amygdaloid nuclear complex with the hypothalamus
The response options for items 12—18 are the same. You will be required to select one answer for each item in the set.
(A) Fornix
(B) Medial forebrain bundle
(C) Stria terminalis
(D) Mamillary peduncle
(E) Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
Match each description below with the structure it best describes.
18. Separates the medial hypothalamus from the lateral hypothalamus
18-A. The column of the fornix lies between the medial and lateral hypothalamus.
The response options for items 19-27 are the same. You will be required to select one answer for each item in the set. (A) Anorexia (B) Craniopharyngioma (C) Diabetes insipidus (D) Hyperthermia (E) Inability to thermoregulate (F) Obesity and savage behavior (G) Pituitary adenoma (H) Wernicke encephalopathy Match each description below with the appropriate clinical condition. 19. Amenorrhea and galactorrhea
19-G. Amenorrhea and galactorrhea result from a prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma, the most common type of pituitary adenoma.
The response options for items 19-27 are the same. You will be required to select one answer for each item in the set. (A) Anorexia (B) Craniopharyngioma (C) Diabetes insipidus (D) Hyperthermia (E) Inability to thermoregulate (F) Obesity and savage behavior (G) Pituitary adenoma (H) Wernicke encephalopathy Match each description below with the appropriate clinical condition. 20.Hemorrhagic lesions in the mamillary bodies
20-H. Hemorrhagic lesions in the mamillary bodies and in the periaqueductal gray of the midbrain are seen in Wernicke encephalopathy.
The response options for items 19-27 are the same. You will be required to select one answer for each item in the set. (A) Anorexia (B) Craniopharyngioma (C) Diabetes insipidus (D) Hyperthermia (E) Inability to thermoregulate (F) Obesity and savage behavior (G) Pituitary adenoma (H) Wernicke encephalopathy Match each description below with the appropriate clinical condition. 21.Associated with the Rathke pouch
21-B. Craniopharyngiomas, congenital epidermoid tumors, are derived from the Rathke pouch;they are the most common supratentorial tumors found in children.
The response options for items 19-27 are the same. You will be required to select one answer for each item in the set. (A) Anorexia (B) Craniopharyngioma (C) Diabetes insipidus (D) Hyperthermia (E) Inability to thermoregulate (F) Obesity and savage behavior (G) Pituitary adenoma (H) Wernicke encephalopathy Match each description below with the appropriate clinical condition. 22. Destruction of the anterior hypothalamic nuclei
22-D. Destruction of the anterior hypothalamic nuclei results in hyperthermia.
The response options for items 19-27 are the same. You will be required to select one answer for each item in the set.
(A) Anorexia
(B) Craniopharyngioma
(C) Diabetes insipidus
(D) Hyperthermia
(E) Inability to thermoregulate
(F) Obesity and savage behavior
(G) Pituitary adenoma
(H) Wernicke encephalopathy
Match each description below with the appropriate clinical condition.
23. Stimulation of the ventromedial nuclei
23-A. Stimulation of the ventromedial nuclei inhibits the urge to eat, resulting in emaciation
(cachexia or anorexia). Destruction of these nuclei results in hyperphagia and savage behavior
The response options for items 19-27 are the same. You will be required to select one answer for each item in the set.
(A) Anorexia
(B) Craniopharyngioma
(C) Diabetes insipidus
(D) Hyperthermia
(E) Inability to thermoregulate
(F) Obesity and savage behavior
(G) Pituitary adenoma
(H) Wernicke encephalopathy
Match each description below with the appropriate clinical condition.
24. Bilateral lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei
24-F. Bilateral lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei result in hyperphagia and savage behavior
The response options for items 19-27 are the same. You will be required to select one answer for each item in the set.
(A) Anorexia
(B) Craniopharyngioma
(C) Diabetes insipidus
(D) Hyperthermia
(E) Inability to thermoregulate
(F) Obesity and savage behavior
(G) Pituitary adenoma
(H) Wernicke encephalopathy
Match each description below with the appropriate clinical condition.
25.Bilateral lesions of the posterior hypothalamic nuclei
25-E. Bilateral lesions of the posterior hypothalamic nuclei result in the inability to thermoregulate (poikilothermia). Bilateral destruction of only the posterior aspect of the lateral hypothalamic nucleus results in anorexia and emaciation
The response options for items 19-27 are the same. You will be required to select one answer for each item in the set. (A) Anorexia (B) Craniopharyngioma (C) Diabetes insipidus (D) Hyperthermia (E) Inability to thermoregulate (F) Obesity and savage behavior (G) Pituitary adenoma (H) Wernicke encephalopathy Match each description below with the appropriate clinical condition. 26.Destruction of the supraoptic and para- ventricular nuclei
26-C. Destruction of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei or the supraopticohypophyseal tract results in diabetes insipidus with polydipsia and polyuria.
The response options for items 19-27 are the same. You will be required to select one answer for each item in the set. (A) Anorexia (B) Craniopharyngioma (C) Diabetes insipidus (D) Hyperthermia (E) Inability to thermoregulate (F) Obesity and savage behavior (G) Pituitary adenoma (H) Wernicke encephalopathy Match each description below with the appropriate clinical condition. 27.Is due to a thiamine (vitamin B:) defi- ciency
27-H. Wernicke encephalopathy is due to a thiamine (vitamin Bx) deficiency
