chapter 20 Flashcards
essay: why was there a reason for optimism during the early 20th century?
- higher standard of living
- scientists were curing diseases
- increase of efforts at peace and international cooperation (telegraph and same system for weights and measures)
essay: what were the 4 underlying causes of ww1?
M- militarism: governments concentrated on arming the forces of their country (more advanced weapons and machines)
A- alliances: a formal agreement or treaty formed among nations to aid one another (in secret)
I- imperialism: European countries competed for empires
N- nationalism: national pride was growing among Europeans
essay: what were the 4 reasons that the US entered ww1 on the side of the allies?
1- the Germans sunk the Lusitania which killed 128 Americans and that made the US angry
2- the Germans told Mexico that if they attacked the US, they would be given land. the US figured out about it and avoided it
3- the US had close financial ties with the Allies
4- the US wanted to maintain a balance of power in Europe because they were afraid that Germany might conquer Europe
essay: what happened to the Armenian people?
the Turks thought that they were becoming too powerful and would eventually become a threat, so they killed off most of the Armenians. the Turks later used the leftover Armenians to help them prepare for war. when they were done, the Turks killed off the rest of the Armenians
essay: what new weapons were developed during ww1?
how did they affect the war?
- machine guns: increased firepower and killed people faster
- gas-filled artillery shells: the gas hurt humans and animals which led to the invention of the gas mask
- tanks: could break through trenches and enemy lines
- airplanes: let you observe the enemy’s positions, their troop movements, and drop bombs
- machine guns on airplanes: let people have “dogfights” in the air
- submarines: helped people attack ships from underwater
essay: what were the main provisions from the Treaty of Versailles?
- territory: Germany had to give Alsace and Lorraine to France
- economy: made Germany pay for the war, give coal mines to the Allies, give their ships to the Allies, and build ships for the Allies
- military: Germany could only have an army of 100,000 men and 6 warships. they couldn’t have aircraft, big guns, tanks, or submarines
- war guilt clause: Germany takes the full blame for the cause of ww1
why was ww1 the deadliest war in history?
because of the newly developed weapons
ww1 was the first war to have ________ _______
chemical weapons
alfred nobel
established the nobel prize
andrew carnegie
american steel manufacturer and philanthropist
bismark’s system
an effort to keep France isolated diplomatically from the rest of Europe
dual alliance
Germany
Austria-Hungary
- they pledged mutual aid if Russia attacked one of them
triple alliance
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Italy (later leaves)
Ottoman Empire (replaces Italy when they leave)
triple entente
Britain
France
Russia
US (joined later)
Italy (joined later)
reinsurance treaty
Germany’s secret treaty with Russia before ww1
wilhelm II
Germany’s kaiser who forced Bismarck to resign as chancellor
entente cordiale
a friendly understanding between Britain and France
francis ferdinand
Austria’s archduke who was assassinated on June 28, 1914
central powers
Germany (fights Russia and France)
Austria-Hungary (fights Serbia)
the allies
Russia (fights Germany)
Serbia (fights Austria-Hungary)
France (fights Germany)
schlieffen plan
a German plan to fight a two-front war
paul von hindenburg
defeated Russian forces at the Battle of Tannenberg
zeppelins
used by Germany to bomb eastern England and London
u-boats
a German submarine “unterseeboot” (under-sea-boat)
lusitania
- a british ocean liner (tourist boat)
- sunk by a German u-boat
- 128 americans died
- 1,198 people total
nicholas II
the last Russian czar to step down in 1917
treaty of brest-litovsk
took russia out of ww1
armistice day
- an agreement in 1918 to stop fighting
- this agreement couldn’t repair the damage that was done
- 10 million dead
- 20 million wounded
- 10 million missing
- cost of war was $200 million
- indirect costs were more than $151 billion
john j “black jack” pershing
helped build and strengthen the US army and defeated the Germans with this army
ferdinand foch
stopped Germany’s 1918 offense before American forces arrived
paris peace conference
a meeting to negotiate peace settlement for ww1 (the central powers and russia were excluded from this meeting)
woodrow wilson
american president
wanted moderate settlement (14 points)
georges clemenceau
french leader
wanted to keep germany weak
wanted the germans to pay for the war damage in europe
wanted security in france
david lloyd george
prime minister
wanted germany punished
wanted germany’s industry revived
wanted to protect the british colonial and naval interests
vittorio orlando
italian prime minister
14 points
- the 14th point was the only point that was “successful”
- the points did not seek revenge upon the defeated powers
treaty of versailles
- signed between Germany and the Allies
- armistice for 20 years
- made the Germans give land, pay war damages, and made them responsible for starting the war (article 231/ war guilt clause)
- established 9 new nations
- 5 areas in the Ottoman Empire were given to France and England
- Germany could only have a limited army
article 231
- also called war guilt clause
- forced Germany to be responsible for starting the war
treaty of st germain
required Austria to give territory to Italy and recognize the independence of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, and Yugoslavia
anschluss
the political unification of Germany and Austria
league of nations (united nations)
- first attempt at keeping peace
- fails because members kept ignoring it or leaving and when they vote for something, it has to be unanimous and that’s difficult
locarno pact
Germany recognized its present borders with France and Belgium as permanent
charles dawes
created a plan for Germany to make manageable war payments
reparations
denotes payment for war damages
disarmament
the elimination of weapons/ arms
washington naval conference
- an attempt to disarm the naval powers
- it failed because nobody was following that rule and nobody agreed with it
kellogg-briand pact
- tried to make it illegal to conduct war
- it failed because they were too weak which made them enable to enforce the rule
