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chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 3 factors that led to the revival of trade in Europe?

A

1- new trade routes
2- renewal of money
3- growth of markets, fairs, and towns

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2
Q

what is the southern, central, and norther route?

A

southern- mostly water
central- mix of land and water
northern- mostly land (Silk Road)

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3
Q

how did money changers make traveling less dangerous?

A

by obtaining a letter of credit in Europe (similar to a check)

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4
Q

what is banca?

A

“bench”
refers to the table of the money changers
where we got out word “bank” from

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5
Q

what are the freedoms shared by most townspeople?

A

1- free status
2- exemption from Manorial Obligations
3- town justice
4- commercial privileges

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6
Q

how can a serf become a freeman?

A

by living in a town for a year

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7
Q

what is a charter?

A

a document outlining the privileges granted to a town by the feudal lord or king

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8
Q

what does a guild do?

A

it regulates the business activity in a town

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9
Q

what are the 2 types of guilds and what do they do?

A

merchant- guards trade interest of the town
craft- regulates house, wages, and the number of employees

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10
Q

what are the 3 classes of members in a guild?

A

apprentice, journeyman, and master

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11
Q

what is the process of moving from an apprentice to a master?

A

apprentice- works hard for master and learned from master
after that, he will become a journeyman
journeyman- works for their master, sometimes called a “day laborer”, does an oral exam, presents a masterpiece, and takes an oath
after that, he will become a master
master- once approved, they can open their own shop and take on their own apprentices and journeymen

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12
Q

what was the Hanseatic league?

A

the most successful guild

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13
Q

what was the new social class and what occupations were in this class?

A

the middle class “men of the town”
occupations- merchants, bankers, craftsmen, and skilled laborers

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14
Q

how did the middle class change society?

A

they weakened political authority and social position

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15
Q

what does burg mean?

A

walled town

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16
Q

what are 3 key achievements of medieval culture?

A

1- political and economic conditions improved
2- exposed to new ideas, gained knowledge, and preserved learning of Greece and Rome
3- many people wanted to enter the ranks of the educated

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17
Q

how did universities come to be?

A

students created an educational guild by gathering all of the best teachers and having them teach other students

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18
Q

where are the 2 universities located?

A

Bologna, Italy and Paris, France

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19
Q

what was so important about the development of universities?

A

it was an important contribution that let students learn and write about the natural world

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20
Q

what were 2 strengths and 2 weaknesses of Scholasticism?

A

strengths- you can read text/ outline the book and you can reread the book, write down questions, and think through all possible questions
weaknesses- raised questions of how “knowledge gained by revelation” and “knowledge gained by reason” fit together

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21
Q

who was anselm?

A

he realized that faith in God’s revelation is essential to proper understanding

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22
Q

what is the first key to wisdom according to Peter Abelard?

A

the frequent asking of questions

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23
Q

what was Thomas Aquinas known as?

A

the Prince of Schoolmen

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24
Q

how did Thomas Aquinas use Aristotle’s philosophy?

A

he said it could be used to help understand theological ideas, but if the church’s teaching and Aristotle’s teaching disagreed, the church was right and Aristotle was wrong

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25
Q

what were the accomplishments of Roger Bacon?

A

-contributed to physics, geography, and optics
-advocated for observation and experimentation as tests for scientific conclusions

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26
Q

what is vernacular and how was is used?

A

it was the common language

writers wrote heroic epics in this language

27
Q

what did Dante Alighieri and Geoffrey Chaucer write?

A

Dante- Divine Comedy
Geoffrey- The Canterbury Tales

28
Q

what is the difference between Romanesque and Gothic architecture?

A

Romanesque- “Roman-like” and dark and heavy
Gothic- light and delicate and used buttresses to support store vaults and ceilings

29
Q

who was Innocent III?

A

no pope before or after him had the greatest power over both church and state. he also clashed with John over who would be the next archbishop of Canterbury

30
Q

what did the Roman Catholic Church do by the 13th century?

A

they matured into a large, wealthy, and powerful organization

31
Q

what are 3 papal weapons?

A

excommunication- deprivement of sacraments and salvation
interdict- suspension of sacraments and most public services in a location
inquisition- church court to stamp out heresy (torture)

32
Q

why were the Crusades fought and who fought them?

A

the Crusades were fought to take back the holy land from the muslims, turks, and nobles

the knights fought in the Crusades

33
Q

what were 4 effects of the Crusades on western Europe?

A

1- weakened the federal structure
2- expanded Europe’s commercial activity
3- strengthened the papacy
4- new horizons for people of Medieval Europe

34
Q

what did Boniface do and what happened to him?

A

he made a declaration that the pope was in charge of all things, Philip IV did not like this and accused him of heresy and beat him up. Boniface died a few days later

35
Q

what was Babylonian captivity?

A

the papacy was moved to France and placed under control of the French kings, the popes were worried about luxury than spiritual matters

36
Q

what happens when the power of the king goes down?

A

feudalism goes down

37
Q

what was the Great Schism?

A

a French pope and an Italian pope claimed to be the rightful pope and ended up excommunicated each other

38
Q

what was the Council of Constance?

A

the Great Schism was resolved here and Martin V became the pope of Rome

39
Q

what European nations developed during this period?

A

France, England, Spain, Portugal

40
Q

what did Henry II do?

A

he strengthened royal authority in England by expanding jurisdiction of royal courts which provided uniform laws for all of England

41
Q

what are indictments?

A

accusations of what crimes have been committed

42
Q

what was common law?

A

it helped insure justice and draw the English people together in a unified nation

43
Q

what was the Magna Carta?

A

latin for “Great Charter” which limited the power of the king

44
Q

what was another name Richard I had?

A

the Lion-Hearted

45
Q

who was Edward I?

A

-one of the most gifted medieval kings
-tried to unify Wales, Scotland, and England
-developed Parliament which was his most important and enduring contribution

46
Q

what was Parliament and how did it begin?

A

it means to “speak or discuss” and it was the most powerful legislation

the 2 groups of Parliament were the chief vassals (later called the house of lords) and the knights and burgesses (later called the house of commons)

47
Q

what was the power of purse?

A

if they withheld money, they get power

48
Q

who was Louis IX?

A

-the ideal medieval king
-called the “French Justinian”
-establishes a royal court
-the first king to issue a legislation without consulting the chief vassal
-remembered as Saint Louis

49
Q

who was Philip IV?

A

-called “the fair”
-further expanded royal power in France
-summoned representatives from the church, the nobility, and the townspeople

50
Q

what was the Estates-General?

A

the meeting for the church, the nobility, and the townspeople

this meeting explains why the French government turned into a monarchy

51
Q

what 2 nations fought in the Hundred Years’ War and what was the cause of the war?

A

England and France

fighting over who should rule both England and France

52
Q

what happened after the Hundred Years’ War?

A

the English returned home to find out they were going to be doing another civil war called the War of Roses

53
Q

who was Edward III?

A

claimed to be the rightful heir to the French throne but Philip IV was chosen

54
Q

who was Joan of Arc?

A

a peasant girl who heard voices that told her to drive the English out of France

55
Q

what was the War of Roses?

A

house of York (white rose) and house of Lancaster (red rose) fought for the English throne

56
Q

who was Henry VII?

A

he founded the Tutor Dynasty

57
Q

what was Reconquista?

A

“reconquest”

a group of warriors who reclaimed the Iberian Peninsula

58
Q

who were Ferdinand and Isabella?

A

Spain was unified bc they got married

59
Q

who are the Moors?

A

Spanish Muslims who came from Africa

60
Q

what is the Reconquista of Spain?

A

the reconquering of Spain

61
Q

what happened in 1492?

A

Moors were driven out if Grenada

Christopher Columbus lands in the New World

62
Q

what is the Golden Bull?

A

a written constitution that established the Diet and the Holy Roman Empire

63
Q

what is the Diet?

A

the German equivalent of the English Parliament and the French Estates-General

64
Q

what were the 2 groups of education?

A

trivium- grammar, rhetoric, and logic

quadrivium- arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music

history (4 decks)

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