chapter 10 Flashcards
what are the 3 factors that led to the revival of trade in Europe?
1- new trade routes
2- renewal of money
3- growth of markets, fairs, and towns
what is the southern, central, and norther route?
southern- mostly water
central- mix of land and water
northern- mostly land (Silk Road)
how did money changers make traveling less dangerous?
by obtaining a letter of credit in Europe (similar to a check)
what is banca?
“bench”
refers to the table of the money changers
where we got out word “bank” from
what are the freedoms shared by most townspeople?
1- free status
2- exemption from Manorial Obligations
3- town justice
4- commercial privileges
how can a serf become a freeman?
by living in a town for a year
what is a charter?
a document outlining the privileges granted to a town by the feudal lord or king
what does a guild do?
it regulates the business activity in a town
what are the 2 types of guilds and what do they do?
merchant- guards trade interest of the town
craft- regulates house, wages, and the number of employees
what are the 3 classes of members in a guild?
apprentice, journeyman, and master
what is the process of moving from an apprentice to a master?
apprentice- works hard for master and learned from master
after that, he will become a journeyman
journeyman- works for their master, sometimes called a “day laborer”, does an oral exam, presents a masterpiece, and takes an oath
after that, he will become a master
master- once approved, they can open their own shop and take on their own apprentices and journeymen
what was the Hanseatic league?
the most successful guild
what was the new social class and what occupations were in this class?
the middle class “men of the town”
occupations- merchants, bankers, craftsmen, and skilled laborers
how did the middle class change society?
they weakened political authority and social position
what does burg mean?
walled town
what are 3 key achievements of medieval culture?
1- political and economic conditions improved
2- exposed to new ideas, gained knowledge, and preserved learning of Greece and Rome
3- many people wanted to enter the ranks of the educated
how did universities come to be?
students created an educational guild by gathering all of the best teachers and having them teach other students
where are the 2 universities located?
Bologna, Italy and Paris, France
what was so important about the development of universities?
it was an important contribution that let students learn and write about the natural world
what were 2 strengths and 2 weaknesses of Scholasticism?
strengths- you can read text/ outline the book and you can reread the book, write down questions, and think through all possible questions
weaknesses- raised questions of how “knowledge gained by revelation” and “knowledge gained by reason” fit together
who was anselm?
he realized that faith in God’s revelation is essential to proper understanding
what is the first key to wisdom according to Peter Abelard?
the frequent asking of questions
what was Thomas Aquinas known as?
the Prince of Schoolmen
how did Thomas Aquinas use Aristotle’s philosophy?
he said it could be used to help understand theological ideas, but if the church’s teaching and Aristotle’s teaching disagreed, the church was right and Aristotle was wrong
what were the accomplishments of Roger Bacon?
-contributed to physics, geography, and optics
-advocated for observation and experimentation as tests for scientific conclusions
what is vernacular and how was is used?
it was the common language
writers wrote heroic epics in this language
what did Dante Alighieri and Geoffrey Chaucer write?
Dante- Divine Comedy
Geoffrey- The Canterbury Tales
what is the difference between Romanesque and Gothic architecture?
Romanesque- “Roman-like” and dark and heavy
Gothic- light and delicate and used buttresses to support store vaults and ceilings
who was Innocent III?
no pope before or after him had the greatest power over both church and state. he also clashed with John over who would be the next archbishop of Canterbury
what did the Roman Catholic Church do by the 13th century?
they matured into a large, wealthy, and powerful organization
what are 3 papal weapons?
excommunication- deprivement of sacraments and salvation
interdict- suspension of sacraments and most public services in a location
inquisition- church court to stamp out heresy (torture)
why were the Crusades fought and who fought them?
the Crusades were fought to take back the holy land from the muslims, turks, and nobles
the knights fought in the Crusades
what were 4 effects of the Crusades on western Europe?
1- weakened the federal structure
2- expanded Europe’s commercial activity
3- strengthened the papacy
4- new horizons for people of Medieval Europe
what did Boniface do and what happened to him?
he made a declaration that the pope was in charge of all things, Philip IV did not like this and accused him of heresy and beat him up. Boniface died a few days later
what was Babylonian captivity?
the papacy was moved to France and placed under control of the French kings, the popes were worried about luxury than spiritual matters
what happens when the power of the king goes down?
feudalism goes down
what was the Great Schism?
a French pope and an Italian pope claimed to be the rightful pope and ended up excommunicated each other
what was the Council of Constance?
the Great Schism was resolved here and Martin V became the pope of Rome
what European nations developed during this period?
France, England, Spain, Portugal
what did Henry II do?
he strengthened royal authority in England by expanding jurisdiction of royal courts which provided uniform laws for all of England
what are indictments?
accusations of what crimes have been committed
what was common law?
it helped insure justice and draw the English people together in a unified nation
what was the Magna Carta?
latin for “Great Charter” which limited the power of the king
what was another name Richard I had?
the Lion-Hearted
who was Edward I?
-one of the most gifted medieval kings
-tried to unify Wales, Scotland, and England
-developed Parliament which was his most important and enduring contribution
what was Parliament and how did it begin?
it means to “speak or discuss” and it was the most powerful legislation
the 2 groups of Parliament were the chief vassals (later called the house of lords) and the knights and burgesses (later called the house of commons)
what was the power of purse?
if they withheld money, they get power
who was Louis IX?
-the ideal medieval king
-called the “French Justinian”
-establishes a royal court
-the first king to issue a legislation without consulting the chief vassal
-remembered as Saint Louis
who was Philip IV?
-called “the fair”
-further expanded royal power in France
-summoned representatives from the church, the nobility, and the townspeople
what was the Estates-General?
the meeting for the church, the nobility, and the townspeople
this meeting explains why the French government turned into a monarchy
what 2 nations fought in the Hundred Years’ War and what was the cause of the war?
England and France
fighting over who should rule both England and France
what happened after the Hundred Years’ War?
the English returned home to find out they were going to be doing another civil war called the War of Roses
who was Edward III?
claimed to be the rightful heir to the French throne but Philip IV was chosen
who was Joan of Arc?
a peasant girl who heard voices that told her to drive the English out of France
what was the War of Roses?
house of York (white rose) and house of Lancaster (red rose) fought for the English throne
who was Henry VII?
he founded the Tutor Dynasty
what was Reconquista?
“reconquest”
a group of warriors who reclaimed the Iberian Peninsula
who were Ferdinand and Isabella?
Spain was unified bc they got married
who are the Moors?
Spanish Muslims who came from Africa
what is the Reconquista of Spain?
the reconquering of Spain
what happened in 1492?
Moors were driven out if Grenada
Christopher Columbus lands in the New World
what is the Golden Bull?
a written constitution that established the Diet and the Holy Roman Empire
what is the Diet?
the German equivalent of the English Parliament and the French Estates-General
what were the 2 groups of education?
trivium- grammar, rhetoric, and logic
quadrivium- arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music
