Chapter 2 World War I Flashcards
Who was assinated that acted as a possible catylist for world war I?
Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Crown prince of austro-hungarian empire assinated by serbian nationalist
nationalism
intense loyalty towards one’s own culture and country
Who was part of the triple alliance?
Germany, austria-hungary, italy
Russia, france and britan formed the
triple entente
militerism
massive build up in armaments and armies
balence of power
where alliances try to maintain the same level of armed forces as its oponents
imperialism
the acquisition of overseas teritories
allies
triple entente (russia, france, britian)
central powers
triple alliance
germany, austria-hungry, italy
world war I starts and ends when?
starts 1914
ends 1918
what was the army called that formed frpm all of the canadian volunteers
CEF
Canadian Expeditionary Force
Sam Hughes (minister of militia)
- Minister of Militia
- was put in charge of canada’s armament industry
- created the Shell comiteee
- the ministry of milita soon was bogged down in patronagem ineffiencey and confusion
- gave positions to friends who were profiteers
profiteers
people more interested in making $ than producing quality goods
War Measures Act
- introduced by Borden in order for Canada to meet the demands of war
- granted canadian gov. the authority to do every thing necessary “for the security, defense, peace, order and welfare of Canada”
- allowed gov to directly intervene in the economy of the country and could control transportation, argricultutre, manufacturing, trade in whatever way deemed necessary
- gave gov the power to strip ordinary citizens of civil liberties (ex habeus corpus, censor mail,imprisonment, deported)
habeus corpus
the right of a person under arrest to be brought before a judge to determine the lawfullness of the arrest
imprisonment camps
detention centres for anyone the gov saw as a threat
Schlieffen Plan
- bold strategy for a two fronted war
- plan was Germany would quickly invade Belgium, then france (and capture the capital of France) then they would turn attention to Russia
- almost worked (but failed)
what were the trenches like?
muddy wet, rats, dangerous
examples of new technology used in war
airplanes, machine guns, amoured tanks,
The second battle of Ypres
Ypres (beligum city)
- 1915
French and canadian troops were blinded, burned or killed when germans used chlorine gas
The battle of the Somme
1916
British and french forces under General Haig
used an old previously good strategy (waves upon waves of troops across open fields)
-had great losses due to new technologie and machine guns
Battle of Vimy Ridge
- Germans had controlled vimy ridge since 1914 (first offensive)
- french keep trying to reclaim
- late 1916 General Byng and canadian troops lead attack
- highly strategic, tunnels to secretly move
- snowy bad weather conditions
- they won (took last german position)
Passchendaele
- canadians led by a BC boy general Currie - took orders from General Haig
- not strategic, lots of caualites but won
Women in the western front (war in general)
- medical and field ambulance corps
nurses, ambulance drivers
worked in military hospitals in battle zones or hospitals in Britain - many killed or injured by artillery fire, bombs or posin gas
War in the Air
at the beggining:
later on:
at the beginning: aerial reconnaissance, photographing, reporting on enemy troop movements
later on: were armed and fired pistols, rifles at enemies below
ace
a pilot who could prove that he shot down five enemy aircraft was identified as an ace
War at Sea
Germany’s “submarine” and what it did
U-boat
could travel underwater without being detected
- disrupted british shipping, detroy war or merchant ships
War at Sea
What the British did to retaliate
devloped the convoy system and an underwater listening device that helped them located and destroy U-boats
War at Sea
Why was halifax so important? (4)
- it was a good strategic location
- its protected harbour was a good base for refuelling and repairing the Allied warships
- was a departure point for europe
- was canada’s merchant marine
War at Home (Prices and Economy)
- exports to Britain dramatically increased
- most goods were exported, leaving not a lot of goods in Canada - caused prices to rise and people to get unhappy
Paying for the War
- tried to pay for debts through:
- Canada gov. not afford its contributions to war
- tried to pay for debts through: bonds, taxes, loans (from other countries primarily USA)
Changing role of Woman
woman contributed to war by: (3)
woman contributed to war by:
- volunteering in comitees and organizations like Red Cross
- labour force (jobs
- Nurses and ambulance staff
Halifax Disaster
1917 a french vessel carrying dynomite was accidently hit by another ship
- explosion was so powerful that hi devestated halifax’s harbour and much of the city
Conscription Crisis
- PM Borden originally promised on conscription
- learnt how many folks had been needed to win Vimy and introduced the Military Service Act
- very controversial
Military Service Act
- introduced by PM Borden
- made enlistment compulsory
- at first there exceptions for the disabled, the clergy w/ essential jobs and skills or conscientious objectors
conscientious objectors
those who didnt believe in war on religeous grounds
why didnt the Quebec people agree with the conscription
(first of all they had the lowest amount of volunteers because)
- almost no effort was being made to keep the french speakers together
- majority didnt feel any patritiosim towards Britain or france
other reasons canadians were opposed to conscription
needed workers in the industry
and farmers on the farms
What 2 things did PM Borden pass prior to an election to ensure his re-election?
and he invited liberals who favoured conscription to join with him and form what?
Military voters Act - allowed men and woman overseas to vote
Wartime Elections Act - gave the vote directly to all Canadian woman directly related to serviceman and cancelled the vote for all conscientious objectors and immigrants
he invited liberals who favoured conscription to join with him and form a wartime Union goverment.
1917 important changes that changed course of war
- Russian PM abdicated and a provinsional russian gov. fromed
- US declared war on Germany
1917 Germany in France
won back a lot of previously won territory by the allies (all except Vimy)
- Germany was 75km from Paris but the had exhausted themselves (they had no fresh troops,food and supplies) and knew that they were done
“Hundred Days”
- final months of war - Canada’s offensives were among the most successful of all the Allie’s forces
Private Price was the last solider to be killed on the westen front before the truce
what is an armistice and when was it signed
its a truce
it was signed in a railway car in France
Nov. 11 1918
Canada’s Terms of the peace agreement
- PM Borden fought succesffully for Canada’s own seat at the Paris Peace Conference
- And insisted that he be one of the leaders who signed the Treaty of Versailles
Major points set out at the conference that gave France/Belgium compensation for damages their country suffured during the war (4)
- Germany to agree to a war “guilt clause” meaning they had to accept responsibility for causing the war
- Germany had to pay war reparations totalling about 30 billion
- The map of europe was to be redrawn, reducing Germany’s land and giving Poland a corridor to the sea
- Germanany’s army was to be restricted to
100 000 men and no U-boats or a air force
Germany after the war
their economy much like other European countries was in ruins and unable to make payments
- greatly resented the guilt cause
collective security
if one member state of the Leauge came under attack, all members were to cooperate in suppressing the aggressor
Aftermath of War
during that winter many people went hungry across large areas of europe (crops and trasnfortation ruined)
- Spainish flu (deadly flu across Eurupe which returing soliders carried back to Canada
Collective security
Members of a group pledge military support and cooperation to resist aggression
