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NEUR 2610 > Chapter 2: The Nervous System's Functional Anatomy > Flashcards

Chapter 2: The Nervous System's Functional Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Peripheral nervous system includes

A
  1. Somatic nervous system
  2. Autonomic nervous system
  3. Enteric nervous system
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2
Q

Somatic nervous system

A
  • transmits sensation
  • produces movement
  • cranial + spinal nerves
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3
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A
  • balances internal functions
  • sympathetic division (arousing)
  • parasympathetic division (calming)
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4
Q

Enteric nervous system

A
  • controls the gut
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5
Q
  • mediates behaviour
  • brain + spinal cord
A

central nervous system

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6
Q

Brain-body orientation

A

frame of reference is the face

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7
Q

Spatial orientation

A

frame of reference is other body parts + body orientation

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8
Q

Anatomical orientation

A

frame of reference is direction of cut/section thru human brain from the perspective of a viewer

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9
Q

meninges

A

3 layers of protective tissue:
1. dura mater
2. arachnoid layer
3. pia mater

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10
Q

dura mater

A

tough outer layer of fibrous tissue

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11
Q

arachnoid layer

A

like a spider web; thin sheet of delicate connective tissue

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12
Q

pia mater

A

moderately tough inner layer that clings to brain’s surface

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13
Q

frontal lobe

A

executive function

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14
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensory integration

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15
Q

temporal lobe is responsible for

A

auditory, taste, smell, memory

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16
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual

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17
Q

gyrus

A

the small bumpy parts of brain

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18
Q

sulcus

A

the grooves on the brain

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19
Q

areas of the nervous system mostly composed of cell bodies + blood vessels

A

grey matter

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20
Q

areas of nervous system rich in fat-sheathed neural axons

A

white matter

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21
Q

corpus callosum

A

fiber system connecting the 2 cerebral hemispheres

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22
Q

the four ventricles contain

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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23
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • fills ventricles + circulates around CNS
  • maintains brain metabolism + cushions the brain
  • Na, Cl and other salts
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24
Q

2 main types of cells within grey matter

A
  1. neurons
  2. glial cells
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25
Q

nerve

A

large collection of axons coursing together OUTSIDE the CNS

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26
Q

tract

A

large collection of axons coursing together WITHIN the CNS

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27
Q
  • controls most body movements
  • can act independently of the brain
  • reflex (automatic movement brain cannot inhibit)
A

spinal cord

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28
Q
  • begins where spinal cord enters the skull
  • receives afferent nerves and sends efferent nerves
A

brainstem

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29
Q

3 regions of the brainstem

A
  1. hindbrain
  2. midbrain
  3. diencephalon
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30
Q
  • controls motor functions like breathing, balancing + fine movements
A

hindbrain

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31
Q

4 parts of the hindbrain

A
  1. cerebellum
  2. reticular formation
  3. pons
  4. medulla
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32
Q
  • controls complex movements + cognitive functions
  • size increases w/ physical speed + dexterity of species
A

cerebellum

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33
Q
  • netlike mixture of neurons and nerve fibres (grey+white matter)
  • stimulates forebrain (sleep-wake behaviour, arousal)
A

reticular formation

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34
Q
  • connects cerebellum to rest of the brain
  • controls important movements of the body
A

pons

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35
Q
  • tip of spinal cord
  • controls vital functions (breathing, heart rate)
A

medulla

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36
Q

passes info from sensory organs to the brain

A

midbrain

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37
Q

2 parts of midbrain

A

tectum + tegmentum

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38
Q
  • superior colliculus
  • inferior colliculus
  • produces orienting movements
A

tectum

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39
Q

superior colluculus

A

visual input

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40
Q

inferior colliculus

A

auditory input

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41
Q
  • eye movement
  • limb movement
  • initiation of movement
  • species-specific behaviour
  • pain perception
A

tegmentum

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42
Q
  • several tegmental nuclei
  • red nucleus
  • substantia nigra
  • periaqueductal grey matter (PAG)
A

tegmentum

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43
Q

tegmental nuclei

A

eye movements

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44
Q

red nucleus

A

limb movements

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45
Q

substantia nigra

A

initiation of movement

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46
Q

periaqueductal grey matter (PAG)

A
  • pain perception
  • species-specific behaviour
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47
Q

integrates sensory and motor information on its way to the cerebral cortex

A

diencephalon

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48
Q

responsible for hormone production, temp regulation, eating, drinking, sexual behaviour

A

hypothalamus

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49
Q
  • gateway to cerebral cortex
  • where info is organized, integrated + sent into the cerebral cortex
A

thalamus

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50
Q

3 parts of forebrain

A
  1. cerebral cortex (neocortex)
  2. allocortex
  3. basal ganglia
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51
Q
  • 6 layers of grey matter
  • surface area of 2,500 cm squared
  • thickness of 2.3-2.8 mm
A

cerebral cortex

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52
Q

the motor cortex has a ___ layer IV (afferent) than sensory cortex

A

smaller

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53
Q

the motor cortex has ___ layers V/VI (efferent) than sensory cortex

A

larger

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54
Q

consists of hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate cortex, olfactory system

A

allocortex

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55
Q
  • controls voluntary/involuntary movement
  • includes caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus
  • related to Parkinson’s + Tourettes
A

basal ganglia

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56
Q

12 nerve pairs control sensory functions of the head, neck, internal organs

A

cranial nerves

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57
Q

cranial nerves have afferent functions such as

A

sensory inputs to the brain from the eyes, ears, mouth and nose

58
Q

cranial nerves have efferent functions such as

A

motor control of facial muscles, tongue and eyes

59
Q

cranial nerves can do both ___ and ___ functions

A

afferent; efferent

60
Q

the spinal cord is inside a bony spinal column made of small bones called

A

vertebrae

61
Q

vertebrae have 5 anatomical regions

A
  1. cervical
  2. thoracic
  3. lumbar
  4. sacral
  5. coccygeal
62
Q

body segments correspond to spinal cord segments called ___ with ___

A

dermatomes; sensory + motor nerves

63
Q
A

Deep brain stimulation

64
Q
A

A. Frontal lobe
B. Central sulcus
C. Parietal lobe
D. Occipital lobe
E. Cerebellum
F. Brainstem
G. Temporal lobe

65
Q
A

A. White matter
B. Grey matter
C. Corpus callosum
D. Lateral ventricles
E. Lateral sulcus
F. Temporal lobe

66
Q
A

A. Olfactory bulb

67
Q
A

A. Integrative functions
B. Sensory input (afferent)
C. Output to other parts of brain (efferent)

68
Q

Midbrain

A

A. Tegmentum
B. Tectum
C. Superior colliculus
D. Inferior colliculus

69
Q
A

A. Afferent pathways (sensory input)
B. Efferent pathways (motor output)

70
Q
A

A. Hypothalamus
B. Pituitary stalk
C. Pituitary gland

71
Q

Forebrain

A

A. Neocortex
B. Basal ganglia
C. Allocortex
D. Hippocampus
E. Amygdala

72
Q
A

A. Basal ganglia
B. Caudate nucleus
C. Putamen
D. Globes pallidus
E. Thalamus
F. Corpus callosum
G. Lateral ventricle
H. Subthalamic nucleus
I. Substantia nigra

73
Q

Tegmentum

A

A. Substantia nigra
B. Preiaqueductal gray matter (PAG)
C. Cerebral aqueduct
D. Superior colliculus
E. Reticular formation
F. Red nucleus

74
Q

Cerebellum

A

A. White matter (cerebral cortex)
B. Subcortical nuclei
C. Grey matter (cerebellum cortex)

75
Q

Hindbrain

A

A. Pons
B. Reticular formation
C. Medulla

76
Q
A

A. Diencephalon
B. Midbrain
C. Hindbrain
D. Cerebellum

77
Q

3 parts of basal ganglia

A
  1. caudate nucleus
  2. putamen
  3. globus pallidus
78
Q

embodied behaviour argues that

A

the brain as an intelligent entity cannot be divorced from the body’s activities

79
Q

Kanzi is a ___ who understands complex human ___

A

bonobo; speech

80
Q

humans and chimpanzees activate the same ___ when they communicate

A

brain regions

81
Q

7 steps to the evolution of the nervous system

A
  1. neurons + muscles
  2. nerve net
  3. bilateral symmetry
  4. segmentation
  5. ganglia
  6. spinal cord
  7. brain
82
Q

earthworm bodies display ___

A

segmentation

83
Q

the chordate phylum includes ___, ___, ___ and ___, all of which have a ___

A

amphibians; reptiles; birds; mammals; brain

84
Q

more complex behaviour in chordates is closely related to the evolution of the ___ and ___

A

cerebrum; cerebellum

85
Q

A branching diagram that represents groups of related animals

A

cladogram

86
Q

We are 1/___ primate species

A

275

87
Q

___ wore jewelry/makeup, made music, buried their dead

A

neanderthals

88
Q

Jerison defined a ___ as having an EQ of 1

A

cat

89
Q

modern humans have about ___ neurons

A

86 billion

90
Q

Why is the behaviour of elephants/dolphins with their very large brains not as complex as human behaviour?

A

Elephant: 97% of neurons are in the cerebellum
Dolphin: 1/2 the amount of neurons and they are not densely packed

91
Q

The remarkable cognitive ability of humans is explained by

A

the # of cerebral neurons

92
Q

neurons w/ different functions do not occupy specific regions, but have a ___ organization

A

salt & pepper

93
Q

represent the different functional areas (vision, hearing, touch, olfaction, movement)

A

topographic maps

94
Q

represent the connections through which each different region influences each other

A

connectome map

95
Q

warming in Europe 30,000 yrs ago contributed to ___ disappearing

A

neandethals

96
Q

a small jaw in hominids is due to

A

cooked food being easier to eat

97
Q

juvenile stages of predecessors become adult features of descendants

A

neoteny

98
Q

apes and modern humans have __% of their genes in common

A

96

99
Q

the human SARGP2 gene is active when the ___ is developing and determines the # of ___

A

cerebrum; neurons

100
Q

support for the materialistic view comes from the study of

A

natural selection

101
Q

after a mild or severe injury, a person can be left with a ___ that prevents ___ to former levels of function

A

permanent disability; full recovery

102
Q

after severe TBI, the brain demonstrates a ___

A

remarkable ability to recover

103
Q

mammals are a class of ___ characterized by a ___

A

chordates; large brain relative to body size

104
Q

increases in the hominid brain sizes are associated with ___ and ___ changes

A

area/topography; connection/connectome

105
Q

our mental construction of reality is based on the ___ we receive and also the ___ we use to interact with that information

A

sensory information; cognitive processes

106
Q

for us to learn anything new, our ___ must change to represent/store this knowledge

A

neural circuits

107
Q

meningitis vs. encephalitis

A

inflammation of meninges vs. inflammation of the brain

108
Q

the ___ fissure runs between the cerebral hemispheres

A

longitudinal

109
Q

the ___ fissure runs along the sides of the brain

A

lateral

110
Q

the ___ runs from the lateral fissures across the top of the cerebrum

A

central sulcus

111
Q

3 major arteries that send blood to the cerebrum

A
  1. anterior
  2. middle
  3. posterior
112
Q

sudden appearance of neurological symptoms as a result of severely reduced blood flow

A

stroke

113
Q

stroke in the left hemisphere affects sensation/movement on the ___ side of the body

A

right

114
Q

3 parts of the vertebrate embryo brain

A
  1. prosencephalon (forebrain)
  2. mesencephalon (midbrain)
  3. rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
115
Q

5 parts of the mammalian embryo brain

A
  1. telencephalon (endbrain)
  2. diencephalon (between brain)
  3. mesencephalon (midbrain)
  4. metencephalon (across brain)
  5. myelencephalon (spinal brain)
116
Q

invertebrates can ___, as seen with the octopi experiment

A

learn by observation

117
Q

the roof of the midbrain

A

tectum

118
Q

the floor of the midbrain

A

tegmentum

119
Q

plays a vital role in attention, planning, abstract thinking, and memory

A

dorsomedial thalamic nucelus

120
Q

involved with emotion formation and processing, learning, and memory, and motivational behaviour

A

cingulate cortex

121
Q

contains sensory neurons that detect pheromones

A

vomeronasal organ

122
Q

significant difference between the organization of the neocortex vs. other parts of the brain

A

the neocortex is connected to virtually all other parts of the brain

123
Q

Individuals with ___ injuries may have difficulty organizing and evaluating their ongoing behavior, as well as planning for the future

A

frontal lobe

124
Q

Injuries to the ___ make it difficult to identify or locate stimulation on the skin and may contribute to deficits in moving the arms and hands to points in space

A

parietal lobe

125
Q

___ injuries result in difficulty recognizing sounds, although, unlike people with occipital injuries, those with this injury can still recognize that they are hearing something

A

temporal lobe

126
Q

People with an injured ___ have deficits in processing visual information

A

occipital lobe

127
Q

the law of Bell and Magendie

A
  • sensory fibres are dorsal
  • motor fibres are ventral
128
Q

The cranial nerves have both sensory and motor functions, receiving and sending information to the ___ and the ___

A

head; internal organs

129
Q

Two sets of SNS nerves, the ___ and the ___, receive sensory information or send motor signals to muscles or both

A

cranial + spinal nerves

130
Q

the ___ control the internal organs, and each acts as a ___ for specific organs

A

ganglia; minibrain

131
Q

parasympathetic division connects thru 3 nerves:

A
  1. vagus nerve
  2. facial nerve
  3. oculomotor nerve
132
Q

why is the ENS called the second brain

A
  • wide range of neuron types
  • same chemical transmitters
  • profusion of glial cells
  • complex integrated neural circuits
133
Q

ENS neurons are located in a sheet of tissue (plexus) lining the ___, ___, ___ and ___

A

esophagus; stomach; small intestine; colon

134
Q

principles 1-5

A
  1. the nervous system produces movement in a perceptual world the brain constructs
  2. neuroplasticity is the hallmark of nervous system functioning
  3. many brain circuits are crossed
  4. the CNS functions on multiple levels
  5. the brain is symmetrical + asymmetrical
135
Q

principles 6-10

A
  1. brain systems are organized hierarchically and in parallel
  2. sensory + motor functions permeate the nervous system
  3. the brain divides sensory input for object recognition vs. movement
  4. brain functions are localized + distributed
  5. the nervous system works by juxtaposing excitation + inhibition
136
Q

Cervical nerves are responsible for

A

Head, neck, shoulders, arms

137
Q

Thoracic nerves are responsible for

A

Midsection

138
Q

Lumbar nerves are responsible for

A

Lower back, front of legs

139
Q

Sacral nerves are responsible for

A

Back of legs

140
Q

Coccygeal segment

A

(Essentially) tailbone

NEUR 2610 (8 decks)

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