Chapter 2: The Nervous System's Functional Anatomy Flashcards
Peripheral nervous system includes
- Somatic nervous system
- Autonomic nervous system
- Enteric nervous system
Somatic nervous system
- transmits sensation
- produces movement
- cranial + spinal nerves
Autonomic nervous system
- balances internal functions
- sympathetic division (arousing)
- parasympathetic division (calming)
Enteric nervous system
- controls the gut
- mediates behaviour
- brain + spinal cord
central nervous system
Brain-body orientation
frame of reference is the face
Spatial orientation
frame of reference is other body parts + body orientation
Anatomical orientation
frame of reference is direction of cut/section thru human brain from the perspective of a viewer
meninges
3 layers of protective tissue:
1. dura mater
2. arachnoid layer
3. pia mater
dura mater
tough outer layer of fibrous tissue
arachnoid layer
like a spider web; thin sheet of delicate connective tissue
pia mater
moderately tough inner layer that clings to brain’s surface
frontal lobe
executive function
parietal lobe
sensory integration
temporal lobe is responsible for
auditory, taste, smell, memory
occipital lobe
visual
gyrus
the small bumpy parts of brain
sulcus
the grooves on the brain
areas of the nervous system mostly composed of cell bodies + blood vessels
grey matter
areas of nervous system rich in fat-sheathed neural axons
white matter
corpus callosum
fiber system connecting the 2 cerebral hemispheres
the four ventricles contain
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
cerebrospinal fluid
- fills ventricles + circulates around CNS
- maintains brain metabolism + cushions the brain
- Na, Cl and other salts
2 main types of cells within grey matter
- neurons
- glial cells
nerve
large collection of axons coursing together OUTSIDE the CNS
tract
large collection of axons coursing together WITHIN the CNS
- controls most body movements
- can act independently of the brain
- reflex (automatic movement brain cannot inhibit)
spinal cord
- begins where spinal cord enters the skull
- receives afferent nerves and sends efferent nerves
brainstem
3 regions of the brainstem
- hindbrain
- midbrain
- diencephalon
- controls motor functions like breathing, balancing + fine movements
hindbrain
4 parts of the hindbrain
- cerebellum
- reticular formation
- pons
- medulla
- controls complex movements + cognitive functions
- size increases w/ physical speed + dexterity of species
cerebellum
- netlike mixture of neurons and nerve fibres (grey+white matter)
- stimulates forebrain (sleep-wake behaviour, arousal)
reticular formation
- connects cerebellum to rest of the brain
- controls important movements of the body
pons
- tip of spinal cord
- controls vital functions (breathing, heart rate)
medulla
passes info from sensory organs to the brain
midbrain
2 parts of midbrain
tectum + tegmentum
- superior colliculus
- inferior colliculus
- produces orienting movements
tectum
superior colluculus
visual input
inferior colliculus
auditory input
- eye movement
- limb movement
- initiation of movement
- species-specific behaviour
- pain perception
tegmentum
- several tegmental nuclei
- red nucleus
- substantia nigra
- periaqueductal grey matter (PAG)
tegmentum
tegmental nuclei
eye movements
red nucleus
limb movements
substantia nigra
initiation of movement
periaqueductal grey matter (PAG)
- pain perception
- species-specific behaviour
integrates sensory and motor information on its way to the cerebral cortex
diencephalon
responsible for hormone production, temp regulation, eating, drinking, sexual behaviour
hypothalamus
- gateway to cerebral cortex
- where info is organized, integrated + sent into the cerebral cortex
thalamus
3 parts of forebrain
- cerebral cortex (neocortex)
- allocortex
- basal ganglia
- 6 layers of grey matter
- surface area of 2,500 cm squared
- thickness of 2.3-2.8 mm
cerebral cortex
the motor cortex has a ___ layer IV (afferent) than sensory cortex
smaller
the motor cortex has ___ layers V/VI (efferent) than sensory cortex
larger
consists of hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate cortex, olfactory system
allocortex
- controls voluntary/involuntary movement
- includes caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus
- related to Parkinson’s + Tourettes
basal ganglia
12 nerve pairs control sensory functions of the head, neck, internal organs
cranial nerves
cranial nerves have afferent functions such as
sensory inputs to the brain from the eyes, ears, mouth and nose
cranial nerves have efferent functions such as
motor control of facial muscles, tongue and eyes
cranial nerves can do both ___ and ___ functions
afferent; efferent
the spinal cord is inside a bony spinal column made of small bones called
vertebrae
vertebrae have 5 anatomical regions
- cervical
- thoracic
- lumbar
- sacral
- coccygeal
body segments correspond to spinal cord segments called ___ with ___
dermatomes; sensory + motor nerves
Deep brain stimulation
A. Frontal lobe
B. Central sulcus
C. Parietal lobe
D. Occipital lobe
E. Cerebellum
F. Brainstem
G. Temporal lobe
A. White matter
B. Grey matter
C. Corpus callosum
D. Lateral ventricles
E. Lateral sulcus
F. Temporal lobe
A. Olfactory bulb
A. Integrative functions
B. Sensory input (afferent)
C. Output to other parts of brain (efferent)
Midbrain
A. Tegmentum
B. Tectum
C. Superior colliculus
D. Inferior colliculus
A. Afferent pathways (sensory input)
B. Efferent pathways (motor output)
A. Hypothalamus
B. Pituitary stalk
C. Pituitary gland
Forebrain
A. Neocortex
B. Basal ganglia
C. Allocortex
D. Hippocampus
E. Amygdala
A. Basal ganglia
B. Caudate nucleus
C. Putamen
D. Globes pallidus
E. Thalamus
F. Corpus callosum
G. Lateral ventricle
H. Subthalamic nucleus
I. Substantia nigra
Tegmentum
A. Substantia nigra
B. Preiaqueductal gray matter (PAG)
C. Cerebral aqueduct
D. Superior colliculus
E. Reticular formation
F. Red nucleus
Cerebellum
A. White matter (cerebral cortex)
B. Subcortical nuclei
C. Grey matter (cerebellum cortex)
Hindbrain
A. Pons
B. Reticular formation
C. Medulla
A. Diencephalon
B. Midbrain
C. Hindbrain
D. Cerebellum
3 parts of basal ganglia
- caudate nucleus
- putamen
- globus pallidus
embodied behaviour argues that
the brain as an intelligent entity cannot be divorced from the body’s activities
Kanzi is a ___ who understands complex human ___
bonobo; speech
humans and chimpanzees activate the same ___ when they communicate
brain regions
7 steps to the evolution of the nervous system
- neurons + muscles
- nerve net
- bilateral symmetry
- segmentation
- ganglia
- spinal cord
- brain
earthworm bodies display ___
segmentation
the chordate phylum includes ___, ___, ___ and ___, all of which have a ___
amphibians; reptiles; birds; mammals; brain
more complex behaviour in chordates is closely related to the evolution of the ___ and ___
cerebrum; cerebellum
A branching diagram that represents groups of related animals
cladogram
We are 1/___ primate species
275
___ wore jewelry/makeup, made music, buried their dead
neanderthals
Jerison defined a ___ as having an EQ of 1
cat
modern humans have about ___ neurons
86 billion
Why is the behaviour of elephants/dolphins with their very large brains not as complex as human behaviour?
Elephant: 97% of neurons are in the cerebellum
Dolphin: 1/2 the amount of neurons and they are not densely packed
The remarkable cognitive ability of humans is explained by
the # of cerebral neurons
neurons w/ different functions do not occupy specific regions, but have a ___ organization
salt & pepper
represent the different functional areas (vision, hearing, touch, olfaction, movement)
topographic maps
represent the connections through which each different region influences each other
connectome map
warming in Europe 30,000 yrs ago contributed to ___ disappearing
neandethals
a small jaw in hominids is due to
cooked food being easier to eat
juvenile stages of predecessors become adult features of descendants
neoteny
apes and modern humans have __% of their genes in common
96
the human SARGP2 gene is active when the ___ is developing and determines the # of ___
cerebrum; neurons
support for the materialistic view comes from the study of
natural selection
after a mild or severe injury, a person can be left with a ___ that prevents ___ to former levels of function
permanent disability; full recovery
after severe TBI, the brain demonstrates a ___
remarkable ability to recover
mammals are a class of ___ characterized by a ___
chordates; large brain relative to body size
increases in the hominid brain sizes are associated with ___ and ___ changes
area/topography; connection/connectome
our mental construction of reality is based on the ___ we receive and also the ___ we use to interact with that information
sensory information; cognitive processes
for us to learn anything new, our ___ must change to represent/store this knowledge
neural circuits
meningitis vs. encephalitis
inflammation of meninges vs. inflammation of the brain
the ___ fissure runs between the cerebral hemispheres
longitudinal
the ___ fissure runs along the sides of the brain
lateral
the ___ runs from the lateral fissures across the top of the cerebrum
central sulcus
3 major arteries that send blood to the cerebrum
- anterior
- middle
- posterior
sudden appearance of neurological symptoms as a result of severely reduced blood flow
stroke
stroke in the left hemisphere affects sensation/movement on the ___ side of the body
right
3 parts of the vertebrate embryo brain
- prosencephalon (forebrain)
- mesencephalon (midbrain)
- rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
5 parts of the mammalian embryo brain
- telencephalon (endbrain)
- diencephalon (between brain)
- mesencephalon (midbrain)
- metencephalon (across brain)
- myelencephalon (spinal brain)
invertebrates can ___, as seen with the octopi experiment
learn by observation
the roof of the midbrain
tectum
the floor of the midbrain
tegmentum
plays a vital role in attention, planning, abstract thinking, and memory
dorsomedial thalamic nucelus
involved with emotion formation and processing, learning, and memory, and motivational behaviour
cingulate cortex
contains sensory neurons that detect pheromones
vomeronasal organ
significant difference between the organization of the neocortex vs. other parts of the brain
the neocortex is connected to virtually all other parts of the brain
Individuals with ___ injuries may have difficulty organizing and evaluating their ongoing behavior, as well as planning for the future
frontal lobe
Injuries to the ___ make it difficult to identify or locate stimulation on the skin and may contribute to deficits in moving the arms and hands to points in space
parietal lobe
___ injuries result in difficulty recognizing sounds, although, unlike people with occipital injuries, those with this injury can still recognize that they are hearing something
temporal lobe
People with an injured ___ have deficits in processing visual information
occipital lobe
the law of Bell and Magendie
- sensory fibres are dorsal
- motor fibres are ventral
The cranial nerves have both sensory and motor functions, receiving and sending information to the ___ and the ___
head; internal organs
Two sets of SNS nerves, the ___ and the ___, receive sensory information or send motor signals to muscles or both
cranial + spinal nerves
the ___ control the internal organs, and each acts as a ___ for specific organs
ganglia; minibrain
parasympathetic division connects thru 3 nerves:
- vagus nerve
- facial nerve
- oculomotor nerve
why is the ENS called the second brain
- wide range of neuron types
- same chemical transmitters
- profusion of glial cells
- complex integrated neural circuits
ENS neurons are located in a sheet of tissue (plexus) lining the ___, ___, ___ and ___
esophagus; stomach; small intestine; colon
principles 1-5
- the nervous system produces movement in a perceptual world the brain constructs
- neuroplasticity is the hallmark of nervous system functioning
- many brain circuits are crossed
- the CNS functions on multiple levels
- the brain is symmetrical + asymmetrical
principles 6-10
- brain systems are organized hierarchically and in parallel
- sensory + motor functions permeate the nervous system
- the brain divides sensory input for object recognition vs. movement
- brain functions are localized + distributed
- the nervous system works by juxtaposing excitation + inhibition
Cervical nerves are responsible for
Head, neck, shoulders, arms
Thoracic nerves are responsible for
Midsection
Lumbar nerves are responsible for
Lower back, front of legs
Sacral nerves are responsible for
Back of legs
Coccygeal segment
(Essentially) tailbone
