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NEUR 2610 > Chapter 1: The Origins of Brain and Behaviour > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The Origins of Brain and Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

Brain + spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

All processes outside CNS

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3
Q

3 major parts of the brain

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Brain stem
  3. Cerebellum
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4
Q

Locked-in syndrome

A

Awake and sensitive to external world but cannot move or communicate

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5
Q

Minimally conscious state (MCS)

A

Person displays elementary behaviours but is not conscious

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6
Q

Persistent vegetative state (PVS)

A

Person is alive but unable to communicate even at the most basic level

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7
Q

Deep brain stimulation (DBS)

A

Neurosurgery where electrodes implanted in the brain stimulate a target area w/ a low-voltage electrical current

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8
Q

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) can

A
  1. Improve MCS patients
  2. Treat disorders like Parkinson’s disease and depression
  3. Aid recovery from traumatic brain injury (TBI)
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9
Q

Consciousness in PVS patients can be assessed by

A

Imaging brain activity

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10
Q

Most behaviours are a mix of

A

Inherited and learned actions

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11
Q

Smaller brains consist of most behaviours being

A

Inherited

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12
Q

Larger brains consist of most behaviours being

A

Learned

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13
Q

A physical object, a living tissue, a body organ

A

Brain

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14
Q

Action, momentarily observable but fleeting

A

Behaviour

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15
Q

Brain and behaviour have evolved ___

A

Together

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16
Q
  • major structure of the brain
  • conscious behaviour
  • has symmetrical halves (hemispheres)
A

Cerebrum

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17
Q
  • central structure of the brain
  • unconscious behaviour
A

Brainstem

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18
Q

___ is responsible for learning/coordinating movement

A

Cerebellum

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19
Q

The movements we make/perceive are central to communication

A

Embodied behaviour

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20
Q

Under total relaxation, people felt the brain had gone blank

A

Mental emptiness (Jacobson 1932)

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21
Q

People reported the experience was extremely unpleasant - some hallucinated

A

Sensory deprivation (Heron 1957)

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22
Q

___ believed in mentalism

A

Aristotle

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23
Q

Explanation of behaviour as a function of the nonmaterial mind

A

Mentalism

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24
Q

Aristotle believed the brain ___, had ____ in producing behaviour, and that our ___ survives our death

A

cooled the blood; no role; consciousness

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25
Q

Psyche is a synonym for

A

Mind

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26
Q

___ believed in dualism

A

Descartes

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27
Q

Both a nonmaterial mind + material body contribute to behaviour

A

Dualism

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28
Q

Descartes thought that ____ and ____ are unable to pass intelligence tests because they don’t have a ___ (proven false)

A

nonhuman animals; machines; mind

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29
Q

Difficulty of explaining how a nonmaterial mind and a material body interact

A

Mind-body problem

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30
Q

Dualists thought the mind resides in the

A

Pineal gland (false)

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31
Q

___ believed in materialism

A

Darwin

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32
Q

Behaviour can be explained as a function of the nervous system, not mind

A

Materialism

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33
Q

Modern psychology takes for granted that behaviour and neural function are

A

Completely correlated, one causes the other

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34
Q

4-step experimental procedure

A
  1. theory
  2. hypothesis
  3. test
  4. confirm/modify theory
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35
Q

A ~humanlike~ brain came around

A

6 million years ago

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36
Q

Our [modern] human brain came around

A

200,000 years ago

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37
Q

Brain cells and brains evolved

A

Recently

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38
Q

____ and ____ evolved first, allowing animals to move

A

Brain cells (neurons); muscles

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39
Q

Neurons and muscles likely have origins in single-cell animals such as

A

Amoeba

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40
Q

Simple nervous system that has no centre/brain; consists of neurons that receive sensory info + connect directly to other neurons that move muscles

A

Nerve net

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41
Q

___ and ___ have nerve nets

A

Jellyfish; sea anenomes

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42
Q

The nervous system on one side of the animal mirrors that on the other side

A

Bilateral symmetry

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43
Q

____ are bilaterally symmetrical

A

Flatworms

44
Q

Division into a number of parts that are similar

A

Segmentation

45
Q

____ and ____ display segmentation

A

The human spinal cord; brain

46
Q

Collection of nerve cells that function somewhat like a brain

A

Ganglia

47
Q

___, ___ and ___ have ganglia

A

Clams; snails; octopi

48
Q

A single nervous system pathway connects the brain with sensory receptors and muscles

A

Spinal cord

49
Q

The chordate phylum displays the greatest degree of

A

Encephalization

50
Q

Of all chordates, humans have the ___ brain size relative to body size

A

Largest

51
Q

The evolution of complex behaviour is closely related to the evolution of the ___ and ___

A

Cerebrum; cerebellum

52
Q

Humans and ___ share a common ancestor that lived 5-10 million years ago

A

Chimpanzees

53
Q

Hominids evolved ___ years ago

A

5 million

54
Q

Hominids’ evolution included enhanced ___ perception, highly developed ___ sense and ___ movements, as well as larger ___

A

depth; vision; hand; brains

55
Q

Succeeding members of the human lineage display a steady ___ in brain size

A

Increase

56
Q

The brain of the ___ was about the same size as living nonhuman apes

A

Autralopithecus

57
Q
  • 2 million years ago in Africa
  • made simple stone tools
A

Homo habilis (handy human)

58
Q
  • 1.6 million years ago in Europe and Asia
  • made more sophisticated tools than H. habilis
A

Homo erectus (upright human)

59
Q

Harry Jerison (1973) developed a quantitative measure of brain size:

A

Encephalization quotient (EQ)

60
Q

EQ’s are obtained from the ratio of ___ to ___ brain size

A

actual:expected

61
Q

Estimates of brain size and behavioural complexity line up better if ___ are compared

A

Cell counts (_% of nervous system)

62
Q

Brains with more neurons have ___ more connections between those neurons

A

Exponentially

63
Q

5 theories on hominid brain enlargement

A
  1. Climate change
  2. Primate lifestyle
  3. Changes in hominid physiology
  4. Altered maturation
  5. Human genome
64
Q

Climate change theory: ape species living in a ___ climate to the east of Africa’s ___ evolved into upright humans

A

drier; Great Rift Valley

65
Q

Primate lifestyle theory: ___ size, complex ___ foraging/selection, use of ___

A

social group; food; fire

66
Q

Why do fruit eaters have larger brains?

A

Fruit is harder to find than grass - need good sensory, spatial and memory skills

67
Q

Why is there difficulty with measuring brain size?

A

There are large differences between individual brains due to factors such as body weight, age, sex, injury etc.

68
Q

Why is there difficulty with measuring intelligence?

A
  1. Flynn effect - next-gen scores 25pts higher on IQ tests
  2. Multiple intelligences - verbal, social, mathematical etc.
69
Q

Learned behaviours that are passed on from one generation to the next thru teaching and experience

A

Culture

70
Q

___ growth/adaptation make our modern human behaviours different from Homo sapiens’ 200,000 years ago

A

Culture

71
Q

___ found that we subliminally move when thinking, even when we are entirely motionless (mental emptiness)

A

Edmond Jacobson

72
Q

___ conducted experiments on sensory deprivation

A

Woodburn Heron

73
Q

___ found that they can stimulate MCS patients’ brains and improve their behavioural abilities

A

Nicholas Schiff

74
Q

___ used MRI to find that comatose patients are conscious and can communicate when given the opportunity

A

Adrian Owen

75
Q

___ wrote his textbook Ethology: The Biology of Behaviour, and stated “Behaviour consists of patterns in time”

A

Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt

76
Q

Descartes thought that the mind instructed the ___ to direct fluid from ventricles thru ___ into ___ - when the fluid expanded, the body would move

A

pineal gland; nerves; muscles

77
Q

___ proposed that a machine could be judged conscious if a questioner could not distinguish its answers from a human’s

A

Alan Turing

78
Q

___ was responsible for uncovering that chimpanzees can understand complex human speech

A

Stewart Watson

79
Q

the theory explaining how new species evolve + how existing species change over time

A

natural selection

80
Q

a group of organisms that can breed among themselves

A

species

81
Q

studies how gene expression is turned on/off at different times + how environment/experience influence our behaviour thru their effects on our genes

A

epigenetics

82
Q

___ can turn on/off a gene’s function so that the gene influences the function of our body/behaviour, or it stops that influence

A

epigenetic factors

83
Q

___ describes the acceptance of materialism stating that behaviour and neural function are perfectly correlated

A

Donald O. Hebb

84
Q

___ explains the consciousness contrasts the position of ___, which states if behaviour can be described adequately w/o recourse to the mind, the mental explanation should be eliminated

A

Donald O. Hebb; eliminative materialism

85
Q

___ has strong religious beliefs to aid in his brain injury recovery

A

Fred Linge

86
Q

order of taxonomy

A

phylum, class, order, family, genus, species (PCOFGS)

87
Q

Humans belong to the ___ kingdom, ___ phylum, ___ class, ___ order, ___ family, ___ genus, ___ species

A

animal; chordate; mammalian; primate; great ape; Homo; sapiens

88
Q

only the kingdom most recently evolved, ___, contains species with muscles and nervous systems

A

animalia

89
Q

chordates have both a ___ and ___

A

brain; spinal cord

90
Q

chordates get their name from a ___, a flexible rod that runs the length of the back

A

notochord

91
Q

only ___ and ___ have a large forebrain

A

birds; mammals

92
Q

increases the brain’s surface area to fit into a small skull

A

folding

93
Q

the first member of the genus Homo was found in ___ about ___

A

Ethiopia; 2.8 million years ago

94
Q

the first Homo erectus was found about

A

1.6 million years ago

95
Q

modern humans, homo sapiens, appeared about

A

200,000 years ago

96
Q

homo sapiens interbred with ___ in Europe, whom they then replaced about ___

A

neanderthals; 20,000 years ago

97
Q

a blue whale’s brain cells make up ___ of its body

A

0.01%

98
Q

who came up with EQ

A

Harry Jerison

99
Q

who came up with a method to count brain cells using a counting machine (packing density)

A

Karina Fonseca-Azevedo

100
Q

who estimated that the average group size of modern humans is 150

A

Robin Dunbar

101
Q

who documented the relationship between fruit foraging and larger brains

A

Katharine Milton

102
Q

who reasoned that if the brain’s radiator, the circulating blood, adapted into a more effective cooling system, brain size could increase

A

Dean Falk

103
Q

who, in their book “the Mismeasure of Man’, criticized research on: brain measurement, correlating brain size and intelligence, and what intelligence is

A

Stephen Jay Gould

104
Q

who carried out the first formal performance analysis among various tests used to rate intelligence in humans - also g, general intelligence factor

A

Charles Spearman

105
Q

who proposed that humans have multiple kinds of intelligences

A

Howard Gardner

106
Q

who’s work is related to memes

A

Alex Mesoudi

NEUR 2610 (8 decks)

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