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Medical Terminology > Chapter 2- The Human Body In Health And Disease > Flashcards

Chapter 2- The Human Body In Health And Disease Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

aden/o

A

Gland

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2
Q

adip/o

A

Fat

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3
Q

anter/o

A

Before, front

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4
Q

caud/o

A

Lower part of the body, tail

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5
Q

cephal/o

A

Head

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6
Q

cyt/o, cyte

A

Cell

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7
Q

end-, endo-

A

In, within, inside

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8
Q

exo-

A

Out of, outside, away from

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9
Q

hist/o

A

Tissue

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10
Q

path/o, -pathy

A

Disease, suffering, feeling, emotion

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11
Q

plas/i, plas/o, -plasia

A

Development, growth, formation

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12
Q

poster/o

A

Behind, toward the back

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13
Q

-stasis, -static

A

Control, maintenance of a constant level

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14
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the structures of the body.

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15
Q

Physiology

A

The study of the functions of the structures of the body.

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16
Q

physi

A

Nature or physical

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17
Q

Atomic Position

A
  • Standing up straight so that the body is erect and facing forward.
  • Holding arms at the sides with the hands turned so that the palms face towards the front.
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18
Q

Vertical Plane

A

An up-and-down plane that is at a right angle to the horizon.

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19
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

A vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions.

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20
Q

Midsagittal plane

A

Divides the body into equal left and right halves.

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21
Q

Frontal Plane

A

Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

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22
Q

Anterior

A

Front/ on the front or forward part of an organ.

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23
Q

Posterior

A

Back/ on the back part of an organ.

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24
Q

Superior

A

Uppermost, above, or toward the head.

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25
Q

Inferior

A

Lowermost, below, toward the feet.

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26
Q

Cephalic

A

Toward the head

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27
Q

Caudal

A

Toward the lower part of the body

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28
Q

Proximal

A

Situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure.

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29
Q

Distal

A

Situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure

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30
Q

Medial

A

The direction toward or nearer the midline

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31
Q

Lateral

A

The direction toward the side of the body, away from the midline.

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32
Q

Dorsal Cavity

A

Located along the back of the head and body, contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions.

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33
Q

Cranial cavity

A

Located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain.

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34
Q

Spinal cavity

A

Located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord.

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35
Q

Ventral cavity

A

Located along the front of the body, contains the body organs that sustain homeostasis.

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36
Q

Homeostasis

A

The process through which the body maintains a constant internal environment.

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37
Q

home/o

A

Constant

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38
Q

-stasis

A

Control

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39
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Surrounds and protects the heart and lungs.

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40
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

Contains the major organs of digestion.

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41
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

The space formed by hip bones and contains the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems.

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42
Q

abdomin/o

A

Abdomen

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43
Q

pelv

A

Pelvis

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44
Q

Inguinal

A

Relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen.

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45
Q

Hypochondriac regions (right and left)

A

Covered by the lower ribs.

46
Q

chondr/I

A

Cartilage

47
Q

Epigastric region

A

Located above the stomach.

48
Q

epi-

A

Above

49
Q

gastr

A

Stomach

50
Q

Lumbar regions (right and left)

A

Located near the inward curve of the spine.

51
Q

Umbilical region

A

Surrounds the belly button.

52
Q

Iliac regions

A

Located near the hip bones

53
Q

Hypogastric

A

Located below the stomach

54
Q

Quadrants of the Abdomen

A
  • Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
  • Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
  • Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
  • Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
55
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

The outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall.

56
Q

Peritoneum

A

Multi layered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity.

57
Q

Mesentery

A

Both used double layer of the parietal peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdomen wall.

58
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

The inner layer of peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity.

59
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

Located behind the peritoneum.

60
Q

retro-

A

Behind

61
Q

periton

A

Peritoneum

62
Q

Cells

A

The basic structural and functional units of the body.

63
Q

-plasm

A

Formative material of cells.

64
Q

Cell membrane

A

Tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of a cell from the external environment.

65
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus.

66
Q

Stem cells

A

Unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division.

67
Q

Adult stem cells

A

Their primary role is to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found.

68
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells that have the important ability to form any adult cell

69
Q

embry/o

A

Fertilized ovum

70
Q

Gene

A

Control hereditary disorders and all physical traits.

71
Q

Genetics

A

Study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children and the role of genes in health and disease.

72
Q

gene

A

Producing

73
Q

Genome

A

The complete set of genetic information of an organism.

74
Q

Chromosome

A

A genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell.

75
Q

Genetic disorder

A

A pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene.

76
Q

Genetic mutation

A

A change of the sequence of a DNA molecule.

77
Q

Down syndrome

A

Genetic variation that is associated with the characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, developmental delays, and physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease.

78
Q

Tissue

A

Grouper aware of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions.

79
Q

hist

A

Tissue

80
Q

Epithelium

A

The specialized epithelia tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes.

81
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Forms a protective covering for all the internal and external surfaces of the body. These tissue also form glands.

82
Q

Endothelium

A

The specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs.

83
Q

Connective Tissues

A

Support and connect organs and other body tissues.

84
Q

Dense connective tissues

A

Bone and cartilage, form the joints and framework of the body.

85
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Fat, provides protective padding, insulation, and support

86
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Surrounds various organs and support both never cells and blood vessels.

87
Q

Liquid connective tissues

A

Blood and lymph, transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body.

88
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Contain cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax.

89
Q

Nerve tissue

A

Contain cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses.

90
Q

-trophy

A

Development

91
Q

exo-

A

Out of

92
Q

-crine

A

To secrete

93
Q

endo-

A

Within

94
Q

carcin

A

Cancerous

95
Q

-oma

A

Tumor

96
Q

Communicable disease

A

Contagious disease/any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either directly or by indirect contact with contaminated objects.

97
Q

Indirect contact transmission

A

Situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface.

98
Q

Blood borne transmission

A

The spread of the disease through contact with infected blood or other body fluids that are contaminated by infected blood.

99
Q

Droplet transmission

A

The spread of diseases onto a nearby person or object.

100
Q

Airborne transmission

A

Occurs through contact with germs floating in the air.

101
Q

Foodborne and waterborne transmission

A

Fecal-oral transmission/ I was by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill any pathogens present.

102
Q

Vectorborne transmission

A

Spread of certain disease due to the bite of a vector.

103
Q

epi-

A

Above

104
Q

dem/i

A

Population

105
Q

pan-

A

Entire

106
Q

idi/o

A

Particular to the individual

107
Q

Endemic

A

Refers to the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area.

108
Q

Epidemic

A

A sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population, group, or area.

109
Q

Pandemic

A

An outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide.

110
Q

Congenital disorder

A

An abnormal condition that exists in the time of birth.

111
Q

Developmental disorder

A

A birth defect

112
Q

Prenatal influences

A

The mother’s health, her behavior, and the prenatal medical care she does or does not receive before delivery.

Medical Terminology (8 decks)

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