Chapter 2- The Human Body In Health And Disease Flashcards
aden/o
Gland
adip/o
Fat
anter/o
Before, front
caud/o
Lower part of the body, tail
cephal/o
Head
cyt/o, cyte
Cell
end-, endo-
In, within, inside
exo-
Out of, outside, away from
hist/o
Tissue
path/o, -pathy
Disease, suffering, feeling, emotion
plas/i, plas/o, -plasia
Development, growth, formation
poster/o
Behind, toward the back
-stasis, -static
Control, maintenance of a constant level
Anatomy
The study of the structures of the body.
Physiology
The study of the functions of the structures of the body.
physi
Nature or physical
Atomic Position
- Standing up straight so that the body is erect and facing forward.
- Holding arms at the sides with the hands turned so that the palms face towards the front.
Vertical Plane
An up-and-down plane that is at a right angle to the horizon.
Sagittal Plane
A vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions.
Midsagittal plane
Divides the body into equal left and right halves.
Frontal Plane
Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
Anterior
Front/ on the front or forward part of an organ.
Posterior
Back/ on the back part of an organ.
Superior
Uppermost, above, or toward the head.
Inferior
Lowermost, below, toward the feet.
Cephalic
Toward the head
Caudal
Toward the lower part of the body
Proximal
Situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure.
Distal
Situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure
Medial
The direction toward or nearer the midline
Lateral
The direction toward the side of the body, away from the midline.
Dorsal Cavity
Located along the back of the head and body, contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions.
Cranial cavity
Located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain.
Spinal cavity
Located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord.
Ventral cavity
Located along the front of the body, contains the body organs that sustain homeostasis.
Homeostasis
The process through which the body maintains a constant internal environment.
home/o
Constant
-stasis
Control
Thoracic Cavity
Surrounds and protects the heart and lungs.
Abdominal cavity
Contains the major organs of digestion.
Pelvic cavity
The space formed by hip bones and contains the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems.
abdomin/o
Abdomen
pelv
Pelvis
Inguinal
Relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen.
Hypochondriac regions (right and left)
Covered by the lower ribs.
chondr/I
Cartilage
Epigastric region
Located above the stomach.
epi-
Above
gastr
Stomach
Lumbar regions (right and left)
Located near the inward curve of the spine.
Umbilical region
Surrounds the belly button.
Iliac regions
Located near the hip bones
Hypogastric
Located below the stomach
Quadrants of the Abdomen
- Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
- Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
- Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
- Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
Parietal peritoneum
The outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall.
Peritoneum
Multi layered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity.
Mesentery
Both used double layer of the parietal peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdomen wall.
Visceral peritoneum
The inner layer of peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity.
Retroperitoneal
Located behind the peritoneum.
retro-
Behind
periton
Peritoneum
Cells
The basic structural and functional units of the body.
-plasm
Formative material of cells.
Cell membrane
Tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of a cell from the external environment.
Cytoplasm
Material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus.
Stem cells
Unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division.
Adult stem cells
Their primary role is to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found.
Embryonic stem cells
Undifferentiated cells that have the important ability to form any adult cell
embry/o
Fertilized ovum
Gene
Control hereditary disorders and all physical traits.
Genetics
Study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children and the role of genes in health and disease.
gene
Producing
Genome
The complete set of genetic information of an organism.
Chromosome
A genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell.
Genetic disorder
A pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene.
Genetic mutation
A change of the sequence of a DNA molecule.
Down syndrome
Genetic variation that is associated with the characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, developmental delays, and physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease.
Tissue
Grouper aware of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions.
hist
Tissue
Epithelium
The specialized epithelia tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes.
Epithelial Tissue
Forms a protective covering for all the internal and external surfaces of the body. These tissue also form glands.
Endothelium
The specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs.
Connective Tissues
Support and connect organs and other body tissues.
Dense connective tissues
Bone and cartilage, form the joints and framework of the body.
Adipose tissue
Fat, provides protective padding, insulation, and support
Loose connective tissue
Surrounds various organs and support both never cells and blood vessels.
Liquid connective tissues
Blood and lymph, transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body.
Muscle tissue
Contain cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax.
Nerve tissue
Contain cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses.
-trophy
Development
exo-
Out of
-crine
To secrete
endo-
Within
carcin
Cancerous
-oma
Tumor
Communicable disease
Contagious disease/any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either directly or by indirect contact with contaminated objects.
Indirect contact transmission
Situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface.
Blood borne transmission
The spread of the disease through contact with infected blood or other body fluids that are contaminated by infected blood.
Droplet transmission
The spread of diseases onto a nearby person or object.
Airborne transmission
Occurs through contact with germs floating in the air.
Foodborne and waterborne transmission
Fecal-oral transmission/ I was by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill any pathogens present.
Vectorborne transmission
Spread of certain disease due to the bite of a vector.
epi-
Above
dem/i
Population
pan-
Entire
idi/o
Particular to the individual
Endemic
Refers to the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area.
Epidemic
A sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population, group, or area.
Pandemic
An outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide.
Congenital disorder
An abnormal condition that exists in the time of birth.
Developmental disorder
A birth defect
Prenatal influences
The mother’s health, her behavior, and the prenatal medical care she does or does not receive before delivery.
