Chapter 2 Textbook Flashcards
___ ___ is the tendency for people to exaggerate how much they could have predicted the outcome AFTER knowing what has happened
hindsight bias
__ is an organized set of principles that can be used to explain observed phenomena
Theory
___ is a testable statement or idea about the relationship between 2 or more variables.
hypothesis
what is an operational definition
the precise specification of how variables are measured or manipulated
3 primary types of research designs
1) observational
2) correlationsal
3) experimental method
2 types of observational research designs. Describe
1) ethnographic design: method by which researchers attempt to understand a group or culture by observing it from the INSIDE without imposing any preconceived notions that they may have.
2) archival analysis: a form of the observational method whereby the researcher examines accumulated documents of a culture.
what is interjudge reliability
the level of agreement between 2 or ore people who independently observe and code a set of data.
Observational designs use __-____ _____ tests to ensure that the observations are NOT SUBJECTIVE
inter-judge reliability.
according to interjudge reliability, if two raters come up with a similar score, it ensures that:
the observations are not subjective.
T/F: An observational method is descriptive
true
T/F: a correlational method is causal
false. it is descriptive
describe the correlational method
measuring 2 or more variables and assessing the relationship between the 2 of them. Assess how much one can be predicted by the other, and determines the STRENGTH of the relationship
what kind of statistic is used in a correlational study?
a correlational coeficient (from -1 to 1)
Give an example of a type of correlational study
a SURVEY: research in which a representative sample of people are asked questions about their attitudes of behavior. Allows research to judge the relationship between variables that are often difficult to observe.
benefit and drawbacks of a survey
pro: allows a large amount of responses to be gathered by a representative segment of the population
con: response accuracy
- correlation does not prove causatio.
how do you ensure a sample is representative of a population?
random selection
T/F: an experimental method is causal
true
in the experimental method, a researcher _____ assigns participants to different conditions and ensures the conditions are ____ except for the ____ variable.
in the experimental method, a researcher RANDOMLY assigns participants to different conditions and ensures the conditions are IDENTICAL except for the INDEPENDENT variable.
What is internal validity. How is this accomplished?
how well the independent variable causes the change in the dependent variable, or how well the operational definition actually measures what is being studied.
accomplished by controlling all extraneous variables + RANDOM ASSIGNMENT to ensure that the independent variable is causing the dependent variable.
___ ____ allows experimenters to minimize differences among participants as the cause of the results
RANDOM ASSIGNMENT. Ensures that all participants have an EQUAL chance of being in either condition.
What is the P value
a value that determines how likely it is that the results of their experiment ocurred by CHANCE and NOT because of the independent variable.
When are results typically considered significant?
when p<0.05. you are 95% sure that the results are NOT due to chance.
the higher the internal validity :
the more likely that the independent variable causes the dependent variable.
What is external validity
the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people.
