chapter 2 study guide

Question 1

matter

Answer 1

anything that has mass and takes up space

Question 2

energy

Answer 2

the ability to do work and cause change

Question 3

chemical energy

Answer 3

energy is stored in bonds of chemical substances like ATP

Question 4

electrical energy

Answer 4

results from the movement of charged particles like in the nervous system

Question 5

mechanical energy

Answer 5

directly involved in moving matter like your legs peddling a bike

Question 6

electromagnetic energy

Answer 6

travels in waves like light and radio

Question 7

atom, subatomic particles, describe their relative masses, charges, and positions

Answer 7

• the basic unit of a chemical element
• protons +1 , neutrons 0 , and electrons -1
• protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus and electrons surround the nucleus
• protons and neutrons have a mass and electrons don’t

Question 8

atomic number

Answer 8

the total number of protons

Question 9

atomic mass

Answer 9

the weight of protons and neutrons

Question 10

atomic weight

Answer 10

the weight of protons and neutrons

Question 11

isotope

Answer 11

forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei

Question 12

radioisotope

Answer 12

isotopes that have unstable nuclei and undergo radioactive decay

Question 13

the role of electrons in chemical bonding and in relation to octet rule

Answer 13

during chemical bonding atoms try to fill the outermost shell so they’re considered stable. They are stable when the outermost shell contains the max number of electrons. Electrons are shared and donated during chemical bonding and atoms filling the outermost shell is known as the octet rule

Question 14

ionic bonds

Answer 14

formed when one or more electron is transferred from one atom to another

Question 15

covalent bonds

Answer 15

formed when atoms are sharing an electron

Question 16

hydrogen bonds

Answer 16

a bond involving a hydrogen atom, very weak

Question 17

polar vs. non-polar compounds

Answer 17

polar means there is unequal sharing of electrons and non-polar is equal sharing, polar is charged and non-polar has no charge

Question 18

the importance of water and salt to the body to keep homeostasis

Answer 18

water helps regulate body temp, transport nutrients, helps digestion. Salt helps maintain fluid balance and support nerve and muscle function. Together they keep the body regulated allowing it to keep homeostasis

Question 19

acid

Answer 19

6-0 pH, substance that releases hydrogen ions

Question 20

base

Answer 20

8-12 pH, substance that takes up hydrogen ions

Question 21

concept of pH

Answer 21

the more hydrogen atoms a substance has the more acidic it is and vise vera. 7 is considered neutral

Question 22

building blocks for carbohydrates

Answer 22

sugar, polysaccharides, fiber

Question 23

structure of carbohydrates

Answer 23

often in long chains, can be mono, di, or polysaccharides

Question 24

function of carbohydrates

Answer 24

used to give the body energy

Question 25

building blocks of lipids

Answer 25

fatty acids and glycerol

Question 26

structure of lipids

Answer 26

long triglycerides and phospholipids, two or three tail models

Question 27

function of lipids

Answer 27

important for digestion and absorption of nutrients in the body

Question 28

protein building blocks

Answer 28

amino acids

Question 29

structure of proteins

Answer 29

linear molecule called a polypeptide chain

Question 30

function of proteins

Answer 30

to provide energy and repair/ strengthen tissue in the body

Question 31

building blocks of nucleic acids

Answer 31

nucleotides

Question 32

structure of nucleic acids

Answer 32

polynucleotides, long chain like structure

Question 33

function of nucleic acids

Answer 33

• DNA and RNA
• DNA stores genetic material and RNA is the synthesis of direct proteins

Question 34

compare and contrast DNA and RNA

Answer 34

• both are nucleic acids
• DNA is a double helix structure and contains deoxyribose, has thymine
• RNA is a single stranded structure, contains ribose, has uracil