chapter 1 study guide Flashcards
anatomy definition and subdivision
- study of structure
- gross anatomy- study of large structures ex) brain
- microscopic anatomy smaller structures on a larger scale ex) cells
physiology and example
- the study of function
ex) nerve impulse generation, blood-brain barrier prevents toxins from passing nervous tissue
different levels of structural organization
chemical- hydrogen, water, and oxygen atoms bond to form molecules
cellular- a variety of molecules combine to form fluid and cell organelles
tissue- similar cells form body tissue
organ- two or more different tissues combine to form an organ
organ system- two or more organs work together to create a body system
organism- many organ systems work together to perform the functions of an independent organism
list the organ systems
integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, nervous system, endocrine system, cardiovascular system, lymphatic system, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system, male reproductive system, female reproductive system
integumentary system
- hair, skin, nails
- encloses internal body structures and contains sensory receptors
skeletal system
- cartilage, bones, joints
- supports body and enables movement
muscular system
- skeletal muscles, tendons
- enables movement and maintains body temperature
nervous system
- brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
- dectects and processes sensory information and activates bodily reponses
endocrine system
- pituitiary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, testes, ovaries
- secretes hormones and regulates body processes
cardiovascular system
- heart, blood vessels
- delievers oxygen and nutrients to tissues and equalizes body temperature
lymphatic system
- thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic vessels
- returns fluid to blood and defends against pathogens
respiratory system
- nasal passage, trachea, lungs
- removes carbon dixoide from body and delievers oxygen to blood
digestive system
- stomach, liver, gall bladder, large intestine, small intestine
- processes food and removes waste
urinary system
- kidneys, urinary bladder
- controls water balance and removes waste from the blood
male reproductive system
- epididymis, testes
- produces sex hormones and delievers gamates to female
female reproductive system
- mammary glands, ovaries, uterus
- produces sex hormones, produces milk, supports fetus until birth
functional characteristics to maintain life in humans
- maintaining boundaries
- movement
- responsiveness
- digestion
- metabolism
- excretion
- reproduction
- growth
survival needs of the body
- nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temp, atmospheric pressure
homeostasis and why its important
- the ability of the body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions regardless of external conditions
- body can’t function properly if imbalanced
how does negative feedback maintain homeostasis
when the body tries to go out of homeostasis (high temp) the body works to reverse it so homeostasis is kept (sweating)
how does postivie feedback maintain homeostasis
a change in the bodys status (opening up the cervix in childbirth)
relationship between homeostatic imbalance and disease
homeostatic imbalances result in disease, as we age our control systems are less efficient
X-ray or radiograph
high energy electromagnetic radiation, mainly bones
CT and CAT scan
head shown in successive transverse sections, high radiation and dangerous to kids
PET scan
shows blood flow using isotopes
ultrasound
used to look at pregnancies, uses sound waves
MRI
generates magnetic field around patient
anatomical position
- body erect
- feet slightly apart
- palms facing forward with thumbs out
- left and right side of body being viewed
