Chapter 2 - Study Guide Flashcards
Matter
Takes up space and has mass
Work
Movement of an object or exchange in the physical structure of matter
Energy
Capacity to perform work
Solid (State of Matter)
Maintains volume and shape at ordinary temperature and pressure
Liquid (State of Matter)
Maintains volume, but has no fixed shape
Gas (State of Matter)
Does not maintain volume or shape
Element
Substance that cannot be created or broken down by ordinary chemical means
Most Common Elements in the Body
Oxygen 65%, Carbon 18%, Hydrogen 10%, Nitrogen 3%
Others: Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Sodium, Chlorine, Magnesium
Atom
Smallest Unit of an element, smallest stable unit of matter
Proton
Positive charge, high mass, located in the nucleus
Neutron
Neutral change, high mass, low energy
Electron
Negative charge, low mass, orbit of atom
Electron Shell Levels
(K) First shell closest to nucleus, contains a maximum of two electrons - least energy
(L) Second shell, contains a maximum of 8 electrons
(M) Thirst shell, maximum of 8 electrons
Atomic Number
Number of Protons
Top number on chart
Atomic Mass
Number of Protons and Neutrons
Bottom number in chart
Element
Substance composed only of atoms with the same atomic number
Neutral Atom
Has equal number of protons and neutrons for a net neutral charge
Isotope
Atoms whose contain the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons
Isomer
Two or more compounds with the same chemical formula, but different arrangements of atoms in the molecule and different properties
Ion
Atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to loss or gain of one or more electrons
Cation
Positively charged atoms created by the loss of one or more electrons
Anion
Negatively charged atoms created by the gaining of one or more electrons
Valence Electron
Negatively charged particles. Located on outermost shell of an atom. Can be transferred or shared with another atom
Octet Rule
Atom will give up or share electrons with another atom so it ends up with 8 total
Compound
Chemical Substances made up of atoms from 2 or more different elements, any type of bond
Molecule
Chemical substance consisting of atoms of one or more elements held together by covalent bonds
Reactive Atom
Valence shell is not full, atom actively tries to fill shell
Inert Atom
Nonreactive and stable - full valence shell
Mixture
Combination of 2 or more substances, each maintains its own identity
Covalent Bond
Chemical bond where 2 atoms share electrons in order to complete valence shells
Ionic Bond
Attraction between an anion and cation
Hydrogen Bond
Hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is weekly attracted to 2nd electronegative atom
Polar Molecule
Molecule with regions that have opposite charges resulting rom uneven numbers of electrons in the nuclei of atoms participating in the covalent bond
eg: Water, Ammonia, Sulfur Dioxide, Hydrogen Sulfide
Non-polar molecule
Molecules that occur when electrons are shared equally between atoms of a diatomic molecule or when polar bonds in a larger molecule cancel each other out
eg: Any noble gas, Carbon Dioxide, Benzine
