Chapter 2 - Study Guide

Question 1

Matter

Answer 1

Takes up space and has mass

Question 2

Work

Answer 2

Movement of an object or exchange in the physical structure of matter

Question 3

Energy

Answer 3

Capacity to perform work

Question 4

Solid (State of Matter)

Answer 4

Maintains volume and shape at ordinary temperature and pressure

Question 5

Liquid (State of Matter)

Answer 5

Maintains volume, but has no fixed shape

Question 6

Gas (State of Matter)

Answer 6

Does not maintain volume or shape

Question 7

Element

Answer 7

Substance that cannot be created or broken down by ordinary chemical means

Question 8

Most Common Elements in the Body

Answer 8

Oxygen 65%, Carbon 18%, Hydrogen 10%, Nitrogen 3%

Others: Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Sodium, Chlorine, Magnesium

Question 9

Atom

Answer 9

Smallest Unit of an element, smallest stable unit of matter

Question 10

Proton

Answer 10

Positive charge, high mass, located in the nucleus

Question 11

Neutron

Answer 11

Neutral change, high mass, low energy

Question 12

Electron

Answer 12

Negative charge, low mass, orbit of atom

Question 13

Electron Shell Levels

Answer 13

(K) First shell closest to nucleus, contains a maximum of two electrons - least energy
(L) Second shell, contains a maximum of 8 electrons
(M) Thirst shell, maximum of 8 electrons

Question 14

Atomic Number

Answer 14

Number of Protons

Top number on chart

Question 15

Atomic Mass

Answer 15

Number of Protons and Neutrons

Bottom number in chart

Question 16

Element

Answer 16

Substance composed only of atoms with the same atomic number

Question 17

Neutral Atom

Answer 17

Has equal number of protons and neutrons for a net neutral charge

Question 18

Isotope

Answer 18

Atoms whose contain the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons

Question 19

Isomer

Answer 19

Two or more compounds with the same chemical formula, but different arrangements of atoms in the molecule and different properties

Question 20

Ion

Answer 20

Atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to loss or gain of one or more electrons

Question 21

Cation

Answer 21

Positively charged atoms created by the loss of one or more electrons

Question 22

Anion

Answer 22

Negatively charged atoms created by the gaining of one or more electrons

Question 23

Valence Electron

Answer 23

Negatively charged particles. Located on outermost shell of an atom. Can be transferred or shared with another atom

Question 24

Octet Rule

Answer 24

Atom will give up or share electrons with another atom so it ends up with 8 total

Question 25

Compound

Answer 25

Chemical Substances made up of atoms from 2 or more different elements, any type of bond

Question 26

Molecule

Answer 26

Chemical substance consisting of atoms of one or more elements held together by covalent bonds

Question 27

Reactive Atom

Answer 27

Valence shell is not full, atom actively tries to fill shell

Question 28

Inert Atom

Answer 28

Nonreactive and stable - full valence shell

Question 29

Mixture

Answer 29

Combination of 2 or more substances, each maintains its own identity

Question 30

Covalent Bond

Answer 30

Chemical bond where 2 atoms share electrons in order to complete valence shells

Question 31

Ionic Bond

Answer 31

Attraction between an anion and cation

Question 32

Hydrogen Bond

Answer 32

Hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is weekly attracted to 2nd electronegative atom

Question 33

Polar Molecule

Answer 33

Molecule with regions that have opposite charges resulting rom uneven numbers of electrons in the nuclei of atoms participating in the covalent bond
eg: Water, Ammonia, Sulfur Dioxide, Hydrogen Sulfide

Question 34

Non-polar molecule

Answer 34

Molecules that occur when electrons are shared equally between atoms of a diatomic molecule or when polar bonds in a larger molecule cancel each other out
eg: Any noble gas, Carbon Dioxide, Benzine