Chapter 1 - Outline Vocab Flashcards
Anatomy
Study of the FORM of living things
Gross Anatomy
science of macroscopic anatomy; studying large body structures visible with the naked eye
Surface Anatomy
Study of the internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface
Regional Anatomy
considers the regions of the body such as head and the extremities and all the systems in the particular region
Systemic Anatomy
gives attention to all the structures of a particular system in the body regardless of location
Microscopic anatomy
concerned with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye
Cytology
study of cells, their components, and their functions
Histology
study of tissues and their functions
Physiology
study of the FUNCTION of the parts that make up living things
Cell Physiology
study of the individual cells themselves as they live out all the activites that characterize the larger organism
Immunology
study of the cells of the body fight off and defend against disease
Renal physiology
study of the function of the kidney in the production of urine
cardiovascular physiology
examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels
Chemical level of organization
the least complex level, composed of atoms, smalles stable units of matter arranged to form molecules and compounds that possess specific functional properties and unique three-dimensional shapes
Cellular level of organization
Interactions between molecules and compounds form the organelles of cells. Cells are the structural building block of all plants and animals, can be produced only from pre-existing cells, and are the smallest units capable of performing all vital life functions
Tissue level of organization
Specialized groups of cells and cell products that work together to perform one or more specific functions
Organ level of organization
Consists of two or more tissues working in combination to perform several functions. The type of tissue that compose the organ dictates the function of the organ
Organ system level of organization
Organs interact to form organ systems. Organs and the organ systems they compose perform vital life functions of the body
Integumentary System
Composed of skin, hair and nails. external support and protection of the body and temperature regulation
Skeletal System
composed of bones; internal support and flexible framework for body movement, forms blood cells, and stores minerals
Muscular system
composed of muscles attached to the skeleton; locomotion, support, and body heat production
Respiratory System
composed of hte lungs, trachea, larynx and nasal passages; exchage of respirator gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the air and circulation blood
Circulatory system
composed of heart and blood vessels; internal nutrients and oxygen to body cells while wastes and carbon dioxide are transported away from body cells
Lymphatic/Immune System
composed of the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, bone marrow, and tonsils; houses the immune system cells of the body, provides protection against infection and disease, transports tissue fluid (called lymph) and absorbs fats
Endocrine System
composed of hormone secreting glands such as the thyroid, pituitary, adrenal gland, pancreas, pineal , etc; secretion of hormones that direct long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems
Urinary System
Composed of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra; filters the blood to remove nitrogenous wastes, eliminates excess water, salts and waste products and controls pH and electrolyte balance
Digestive system
Composed of the salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver and gallbladder. Intake, breakdown and absorption of food in order to acquire nutrients, minerals, vitamins and water and the elimination of feces
Reproductive System
Composed of ovaries, uterus, vagina and mammary glands in females AND the testes, scrotum, prostate gland, seminal vesicles and penis in the male; production of sperm and egg as well as secretion of sex hormones copulation
Organism
living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life.
Biology
Study of life
Responsiveness
ability to sense and detect both internal and external stimuli and to generate a response appropriate to that stimulus
Adaptability
change in organisms behavior, capabilities, or structure in order to survive in a sonstantly changing world
Growth and Reproduction
increase in size and number
Movement
coordinated, intentional change in location or positon
Digestion
breakdown of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be easily absorbed into the bloodstream
Metabolism
Sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions that take place in the body
Anabolic reactions
synthesis reactions that typically use energy
Catabolic reactions
reactions associated with breaking down substances and typically release energy
Respiration
absorption and utilization of respiratory gases such as oxygen or carbon dioxide
Circulation
transport of fluids within the organism
Excretion
removing chemical wastes produced during metabolism
Macronutrients
nutrients the human body needs a large supply of
micronutrients
nutrients the human body needs in very small amounts
Hyperthermia
if body is overheated for a prolonged period of time it can lead to heat stroke and death
Hypothermia
if the body is to cold it can lead to shock and death
Pressure
force exerted by a substance in contact with another substance
Homeostasis
state of equilibrium or balance
Maintaining a “steady state” constancy within narrow limits
vital to organism’s survival
Homeostatic control is not precise- maintains normal range rather than absolute value
Receptor (Homeostasis)
detects changes in either the internal or external environment, or stimulus
Control Center (Homeostasis)
receives and process the information supplies by the receptor and sends out commands
Effector (Homeostasis)
responds to the commands by opposing the stimulus
Negative Feedback Mechanisms
Shuts off or reduces the original stimulus
Helps to stabilize situation; essential for maintaining homeostasis
body temperature, heart rate, breathing rate and depth and blood-glucose levels
Positive Feedback Mechanism
accelerate the process to completion
amplify and reinforce a change brought on by the stimulus
blood clotting, labor contractions
Anabolism
Process wereby smaller, simpler molecules are combined into larger, more complex substances
Catabolism
Process by which larger more complex substances are broken down into smaller, simpler molecules. Releases energy
