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Anatomy and Physiology I > Chapter 1 - Study Guide > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

list subdivisons

A

Study of the Form of living things

  • Gross Anatomy
  • –Surface Anatomy
  • –Regional Anatomy
  • –Systemic Anatomy
  • Microscopic Anatomy
  • –Cytology
  • –Histology
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2
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

science of Macroscopic anatomy; studying large body structures visible to the naked eye

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3
Q

Surface Anatomy

A

Subdivision of Gross Anatomy

Study of internal structures as they relate to the over lying skin surface

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4
Q

Regional Anatomy

A

Subdivision of Gross Anatomy

Considers the regions of the body such as the head and the extremities and all the systems in the particular region

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5
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

Subdivision of Gross Anatomy

Gives attention to all the structures of a particular system in the body regardless of location

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6
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

Concerned with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

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7
Q

Cytology

A

Subdivision of Microscopic Anatomy

- study of cells, their components, and their functions

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8
Q

Histology

A

Subdivision of microscopic anatomy

- study of tissues and their functions

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9
Q

Functions of Human Life - List

A 
Maintain Boundaries
Responsiveness
Adaptability
Growth and Reproduction
Movement
Digestion
Metabolism - anabolic and catabolic
Respiration
Circulation 
Excretion
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10
Q

(Functions of Human Life)

Maintain Boundaries

A

internal environment remains distinct from the external environment

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11
Q

(Functions of Human Life)

Responsiveness

A

ability to sense and detect both internal and external stimuli and to generate a response appropriate to that stimulus

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12
Q

(Functions of Human Life)

Adaptability

A

Change in an organisms behavior, capabilities, or structure in order to survive in a constantly changing world

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13
Q

(Functions of Human Life)

Growth and Development

A

Increase in size and number

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14
Q

(Functions of Human Life)

Movement

A

Coordinated, intentional change in location or position

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15
Q

(Functions of Human Life)

Digestion

A

Breakdown on ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be easily absorbed into the bloodstream

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16
Q

(Functions of Human Life)

Metabolism

A

All of the chemical reactions of a cell

Includes Anabolism and Catabolism

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17
Q

(Functions of Human Life)

Metabolism - Anabolic Reactions

A

Process of smaller, simpler molecules combining into larger and more complex substances
Body uses energy to combine small molecules into larger ones it needs

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18
Q

(Functions of Human Life)

Metabolism - Catabolism

A

Larger, more complex substances are broken down so the body can use their parts to assemble structures needed for life

19
Q

(Functions of Human Life)

Respiration

A

Absorption and utilization of respirator gases such as oxygen or carbon dioxide

20
Q

(Functions of Human Life)

Circulation

A

Transport of fluids within the organization

21
Q

(Functions of Human Life)

Excretion

A

Removal of chemical wastes produced during metabolism

22
Q

Chemical Level - Structure

A

Least complex level; composed of atoms, arranged to form molecules and compounds that possess specific functional properties and 3D shapes

23
Q

Cellular Level - Structure

A

Interactions between molecules and compounds form the organelles of cells. Structural building block of all plants and animals, can be produced only from pre-existing cells, smallest units capable of performing all vital life functions

24
Q

Tissue Level - Structure

A

Specialized groups of cells and cell products that work together to perform one or more one or more specific functions

25
Organ Level - Structure
Two or more tissues working in combination to perform several functions. The type of tissues that compose the organ dictates the function of the organ
26
Organ System - Level
Organs interact to form organ systems
27
Organism - Structure
Living being that has a cellular structure and can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life
28
Integumentary System
Skin, hair, nails; provides external support and protection of the body and temperature regulation
29
Skeletal System
Bones, internal support and flexible framework for body movement. Forms blood cells and stores minerals
30
Muscular System
composed of muscles attached to the skeleton; locomotion, support and body heat production
31
Respiratory System
Lungs, trachea, larynx and nasal passages. Exchange of respiratory gases between air and circulating blood
32
Nervous System
Composed of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves; directs immediate response to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems
33
Circulatory System
Composed of heart and blood vessels; internal transport of nutrients and O2 to body cells while wastes and carbon dioxide are transported away from body cells
34
Lymphatic/Immune System
Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, and tonsils. Houses immune system cells of the body, provides protection against infection and disease, transports tissue fluid (lymph) and absorbs fats
35
Endocrine System
Hormone secreting glands such as thyroid, pituitary, adrenal, pancreas, pineal. Secretion of hormones that direct long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems
36
Urinary System
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. Filters blood to remove nitrogenous wastes, eliminates excess water, salts, waste products, controls pH and electrolyte balance
37
Digestive System
Salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder. Intake, breakdown and absorption of food in order to acquire nutrients, minerals, vitamins and H2O and elimination of feces
38
Reproductive System
Composed of ovaries, uterus, vagina and mammary glands in females and testes, scrotum, prostate gland, seminal vesicles and penis in males. Production of sperm and egg as well as secretion of sex hormones and copulation
39
Homeostasis
State of equilibrium or balance - maintaining a steady state, constancy within narrow limits; dynamic state in which internal conditions remain relatively constant despite changes in the external conditions - vital to an organism's survival; failure to maintain homeostasis results in illness, disease and even death - control is not precise, maintains normal range rather than absolute value
40
Homeostatic Regulation
Receptor - detects changes in either the internal or external environment or stimulus Control Center - receives and process the information supplies by the receptor and sends out commands Effector - responds to commands by opposing the stimulus
41
Negative Feedback
Provides stability Shuts off or reduces the original stimulus Helps stabilize situation; essential for maintaining homeostasis Examples: body temperature, heart rate, breathing rate, blood-glucose levels
42
Positive Feedback
Accelerate process to completion Intensify or enhance of original stimuli Amplify and reinforce change brought on by stimulus; not typically used for homeostasis Example: Blood clotting and labor contractions
43
Anatomical Position
Body standing upright, with the feet at shoulder width and parallel, toes forward. The upper limbs are held out to each side, and the palms of the hands face forward

Anatomy and Physiology I (7 decks)

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