Chapter 1 - Study Guide Flashcards
Anatomy
list subdivisons
Study of the Form of living things
- Gross Anatomy
- –Surface Anatomy
- –Regional Anatomy
- –Systemic Anatomy
- Microscopic Anatomy
- –Cytology
- –Histology
Gross Anatomy
science of Macroscopic anatomy; studying large body structures visible to the naked eye
Surface Anatomy
Subdivision of Gross Anatomy
Study of internal structures as they relate to the over lying skin surface
Regional Anatomy
Subdivision of Gross Anatomy
Considers the regions of the body such as the head and the extremities and all the systems in the particular region
Systemic Anatomy
Subdivision of Gross Anatomy
Gives attention to all the structures of a particular system in the body regardless of location
Microscopic Anatomy
Concerned with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye
Cytology
Subdivision of Microscopic Anatomy
- study of cells, their components, and their functions
Histology
Subdivision of microscopic anatomy
- study of tissues and their functions
Functions of Human Life - List
Maintain Boundaries Responsiveness Adaptability Growth and Reproduction Movement Digestion Metabolism - anabolic and catabolic Respiration Circulation Excretion
(Functions of Human Life)
Maintain Boundaries
internal environment remains distinct from the external environment
(Functions of Human Life)
Responsiveness
ability to sense and detect both internal and external stimuli and to generate a response appropriate to that stimulus
(Functions of Human Life)
Adaptability
Change in an organisms behavior, capabilities, or structure in order to survive in a constantly changing world
(Functions of Human Life)
Growth and Development
Increase in size and number
(Functions of Human Life)
Movement
Coordinated, intentional change in location or position
(Functions of Human Life)
Digestion
Breakdown on ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be easily absorbed into the bloodstream
(Functions of Human Life)
Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions of a cell
Includes Anabolism and Catabolism
(Functions of Human Life)
Metabolism - Anabolic Reactions
Process of smaller, simpler molecules combining into larger and more complex substances
Body uses energy to combine small molecules into larger ones it needs
(Functions of Human Life)
Metabolism - Catabolism
Larger, more complex substances are broken down so the body can use their parts to assemble structures needed for life
(Functions of Human Life)
Respiration
Absorption and utilization of respirator gases such as oxygen or carbon dioxide
(Functions of Human Life)
Circulation
Transport of fluids within the organization
(Functions of Human Life)
Excretion
Removal of chemical wastes produced during metabolism
Chemical Level - Structure
Least complex level; composed of atoms, arranged to form molecules and compounds that possess specific functional properties and 3D shapes
Cellular Level - Structure
Interactions between molecules and compounds form the organelles of cells. Structural building block of all plants and animals, can be produced only from pre-existing cells, smallest units capable of performing all vital life functions
Tissue Level - Structure
Specialized groups of cells and cell products that work together to perform one or more one or more specific functions
Organ Level - Structure
Two or more tissues working in combination to perform several functions. The type of tissues that compose the organ dictates the function of the organ
Organ System - Level
Organs interact to form organ systems
Organism - Structure
Living being that has a cellular structure and can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life
Integumentary System
Skin, hair, nails; provides external support and protection of the body and temperature regulation
Skeletal System
Bones, internal support and flexible framework for body movement. Forms blood cells and stores minerals
Muscular System
composed of muscles attached to the skeleton; locomotion, support and body heat production
Respiratory System
Lungs, trachea, larynx and nasal passages. Exchange of respiratory gases between air and circulating blood
Nervous System
Composed of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves; directs immediate response to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems
Circulatory System
Composed of heart and blood vessels; internal transport of nutrients and O2 to body cells while wastes and carbon dioxide are transported away from body cells
Lymphatic/Immune System
Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, and tonsils. Houses immune system cells of the body, provides protection against infection and disease, transports tissue fluid (lymph) and absorbs fats
Endocrine System
Hormone secreting glands such as thyroid, pituitary, adrenal, pancreas, pineal. Secretion of hormones that direct long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems
Urinary System
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. Filters blood to remove nitrogenous wastes, eliminates excess water, salts, waste products, controls pH and electrolyte balance
Digestive System
Salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder. Intake, breakdown and absorption of food in order to acquire nutrients, minerals, vitamins and H2O and elimination of feces
Reproductive System
Composed of ovaries, uterus, vagina and mammary glands in females and testes, scrotum, prostate gland, seminal vesicles and penis in males. Production of sperm and egg as well as secretion of sex hormones and copulation
Homeostasis
State of equilibrium or balance
- maintaining a steady state, constancy within narrow limits; dynamic state in which internal conditions remain relatively constant despite changes in the external conditions
- vital to an organism’s survival; failure to maintain homeostasis results in illness, disease and even death
- control is not precise, maintains normal range rather than absolute value
Homeostatic Regulation
Receptor - detects changes in either the internal or external environment or stimulus
Control Center - receives and process the information supplies by the receptor and sends out commands
Effector - responds to commands by opposing the stimulus
Negative Feedback
Provides stability
Shuts off or reduces the original stimulus
Helps stabilize situation; essential for maintaining homeostasis
Examples: body temperature, heart rate, breathing rate, blood-glucose levels
Positive Feedback
Accelerate process to completion
Intensify or enhance of original stimuli
Amplify and reinforce change brought on by stimulus; not typically used for homeostasis
Example: Blood clotting and labor contractions
Anatomical Position
Body standing upright, with the feet at shoulder width and parallel, toes forward. The upper limbs are held out to each side, and the palms of the hands face forward
