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Clinical Parasitology > CHAPTER 2: Specimen Collection and Processing > Flashcards

CHAPTER 2: Specimen Collection and Processing Flashcards

1
Q

2 general components of O&P

A

Macroscopic and Microscopic

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2
Q

Helminth stages

A 
Cestodes
Eggs
Proglottids
Larvae (L1, L2, L3)
Adult worms
Nematodes
Trematodes
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3
Q

What is the typical stool collection?

A

3 specimens that are:

  1. collected every other day
  2. total of (3 specimens) collected in 10 days
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4
Q

Clean, wide-mouthed containers ENSURES?

A

moisture retention

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5
Q

what is the specimen exception for Amebiasis diagnosis

A

6 specimens in 14 days is acceptable

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6
Q

Specimen collection for patients with therapy of interfering substances

A

Collect specimen prior to therapy or

5-7 after completion

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7
Q

What are the interfering substances?

A

Barium
Bismuth
Mineral Oil

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8
Q

Specimen collection for patients with antibiotics or anti-malarial medication

A

Delayed for 2 weeks following therapy

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9
Q

Standards in stool collection

A

Clean, watertight container w/ tight fitting lid
2-5g “size of a walnut”
Urine is not allowed to contaminate stool
Should not be retrieved from toilet bowl water

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10
Q

Why stool specimens should not be contaminated by urine?

A

It may destroy parasites needed for diagnosis

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11
Q

Why stool specimens should not be retrieved from toilet bowl water?

A

Toilet bowl water contains free-living protozoa and nematodes

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12
Q

Parasite that can be destroyed by water (like eggs and amebic trophozoites)

A

Schistosome

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13
Q

What else can contaminate the stool and makes it difficult for examination?

A

Toilet paper

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14
Q

What labels and standards should be seen in a specimen container?

A 
Patient's name
Identification number
Physician's name
Date and time
Age and sex
Zip lock bag for transport
Form of requisition paper
Indicating tests required
OTHERS:
Suspected diagnosis
travel history
clinical findings
prior infections
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15
Q

In testing fecal specimen, liquid stool should be examined within how many minutes?

A

30 mins of passage

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16
Q

In testing fecal specimen, semi-formed stool should be examined within how many hours?

A

1 hour of passage

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17
Q

In testing fecal specimen, formed stool should be examined within how many hours?

A

24 hours following collection

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18
Q

What should be done if the standard minutes for fresh examination is not met?

A

Specimen is placed into preservative by using fixatives.

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19
Q

2 diagnosis of parasitic infections:

A
  1. Definitive diagnosis

2. Presumptive diagnosis

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20
Q

It demonstrates humoral immune response of the individual (antigen-antibody)

A

Presumptive diagnosis

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21
Q

Actual demonstration of parasites and parasitic components

A

Definitive diagnosis

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22
Q

In definitive diagnosis, tapeworms are?

A

segmented

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23
Q

What are the segments or parasitic components of tapeworms?

A

Scolex
Neck
Proglottids

24
Q

Standard refrigerator temperature for stool specimen

A

3-5 celcius

25
Q
  • It preserves morphology of protozoa,
  • prevent further development of helminth egg & larvae
  • for successful recovery of parasites
A

Fixative

26
Q

Ratio for fixative preservation

A

3:1

27
Q

What are the different kinds of fixatives for specimen preservation?

A
  1. Formalin
  2. Schaudinn solution
  3. Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)
  4. Merthiolate-idodine-formalin
  5. Sodium acetate formalin (SAF)
28
Q

The all purpose fixative.

A

Formalin

29
Q

Percentage of formalin to preserve protozoan cysts

A

5%

30
Q

Percentage of formalin to preserve helminth eggs and larvae

A

10%

31
Q

3 advantages of formalin

A

easy to prepare
preserves for several years
long shelf life

32
Q

Disadvantages of formalin

A

does not preserve parasite morphology for permanent smears (FADE w/ TIME)
Considered potential health hazard

33
Q
  • A preservative that plastic powder acts as adhesive for stool slide staining.
  • often combined with?
A 
Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)
with Schaudinn solution
34
Q

A preservative used for staining that contains:

  • Zinc sulfate
  • copper sulfate
  • Mercuric chloride (as a base)
A

Schaudinn solution

35
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of PVA

A

Long shelf life at room temp.

Mercuric chloride is a potential health problem

36
Q

Many laboratories choose 2 vial systems such as:

A

Formalin vial for concentration

PVA vial for stained slide

37
Q

A preservative that is:

  • M&I staining
  • fixation of intestinal protozoa, helminth eggs, and larvae
  • Thimerosal
A

Merthiolate-iodine-formalin

38
Q

A preservative that is:

  • an alternative for PVA/Schaudinn’s
  • concentration and permanent smear
  • used with modified acid-fast stain (to detect coccidian oocysts)
A

Sodium Acetate Formalin (SAF)

39
Q

Disadvantages of SAF

A

adhesive properties are not good and needs Albumin
not as clear morphology like mercury-base
stained smear with iron hematoxylin is better

40
Q

The analytic phase of laboratory

A

Processing

41
Q

Important factors considered in specimen processing

A

Consistency and color

42
Q

3 distinct procedures for microscopic examinations

A

Direct wet preparation
Concentrated wet preparation
permanently stained smear

43
Q

A prep that has a drop of ___% saline on glass slide mixed with unfixed stool

A

Direct saline wet prep (0.85%)

44
Q

Lugol’s or D Ántoni’s formula

A

Direct Iodine wet prep

45
Q

It minimizes the refraction of glycerin

A

Malachite Green

46
Q

Used to clear fecal debri

A

Glycerin

47
Q

A prep that uses malachite green or green cellophane soaked in glycerin

A

Kato thick smear

48
Q

Kato thick smear is to be examined ____ mins

A

10-20 mins

49
Q

Kato thick smear is not for:

A

thin shelled eggs

protozoan cysts and trophs

50
Q

has the ability to:

  • detect small numbers of parasite
  • aggregate parasites present into a small volume of sample
  • remove as mush debris
  • can be performed on fresh or preserved stool
A

Concentration methos

51
Q

2 types of concentration

A

Sedimentation and Flotation

52
Q

Most widely used sedimentation technique and based on specific gravity

A

Formalin-ethyl- acetate sedimentation

53
Q

This is added to a saline washed formalin - fixed sample

A

Ethyl acetate

54
Q

Technique where parasites float with specific gravity of ____?

A

Zinc sulfate flotation technique (1.18-1.20)

55
Q

Added to specimen and centrifuge (can be skimmed)

A

Zinc sulfate

56
Q

The final procedure for O&P for confirmation and observe detailed features of protozoa by intracellular organelles staining

A

Permanent stain

57
Q

2 common stains for routine O&P

A

Trichrome (wheatly modification)

Iron hematoxylin

Clinical Parasitology (9 decks)

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