Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Parasitology > CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Parasitology > Flashcards

CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

Living 2 organisms of different species in which both members are so dependent upon each other that life apart is impossible

A

Symbiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

LIving 2 organisms of different species in which both members benefit from each other life w/out each other is still possible

A

Mutualism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Two living organisms of different species in which one member benefits but the other one is not affected

A

Commensalism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

One of the members lives at the expense of the others

A

Parasitism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

An organism that lives in the body of the host

A

Endoparasite (infection)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

An organism that lives outside the body of the host or the exterior surface of the host

A

Ectoparasite (infestation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

An organism that lives in an organ different from the one it usually parasitizes or not its usual habit
give example

A

Erratic parasite

Ascaris lumbricoides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A parasite that causes injury to the host by its mechanical, traumatic and toxic activities

A

Pathogenic parasite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

A parasite that does not cause injury to the host

A

Non-pathogenic parasite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

An organism that is completely dependent on its host or cannot survive outside the host
*Example

A

Obligate parasite

*Leishmania, Tapeworms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Able to live as an independent organism or as a parasite at its own. FREE-LIVING STATE
*Example

A

Facultative parasite

*Strongyloides stercoralis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

A parasite that visits and leaves the host at intervals

*Example

A

Intermittent parasite

*Mosquito

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A parasite in which its larval stage develops in a host different from that adult

A

Periodic parasite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

A parasite which occasionally occurs in an unusual host

*Example

A

Accidental/ Incidental parasite

*Echinococcus granulosus (dog), Ancylostoma caninum (dog)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

A parasite living inside the cells of the tissue

*Example

A

Cytozoic parasite

*Isospora belli, I. nominus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A parasite living inside the lumen of the intestine

A

Enterozoic parasite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

An organism that passes the alimentary tract w/o infecting the host
*Example

A

Spurious parasite

*Eimeria sardinae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Artifacts mistaken as parasites

A

Pseudoparasite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Neutrophils are mistaken as

A

Entamoeba histolytica cyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Macrophages are mistaken as

A

Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

A parasite that lives its entire life in the body of the host

A

Permanent parasite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

A parasite which passes its larval period of development within the body of the host while the adult is free-living

A

Transitory parasite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

A parasite living inside the RBC

*Example

A

Hematozoic parasite

*Plasmodium falciparum, Babesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

A parasite living inside the body cavities

*Example

A

Coezolic parasite

*Mansonella ozzardi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

A parasite that lives on the host only for a short period of time

A

Temporary parasite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

A parasite which infects a host where they cannot develop further
*Example

A

Aberrant parasite

*Toxoplasma gondii (cats)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Harbors the adult or sexual stage of the parasite where the parasite attains it’s sexual maturity

A

Definitive/Final host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Humans are the definitive host EXCEPT what disease?

A

Malaria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

1st and 2nd intermediate host harbors the larva or asexual stage of the parasite. Host that harbors the asexual stage of parasite development.

A

Intermediate host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Parasite that humans is both definitive and intermediate host.

A

Trichinella spiralis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Host not necessary in the arrested stage of development or host other the normal one that is harboring the parasite.

A

Accidental/Incidental host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Harbors the parasite in an arrested stage of development. The parasite do not develop into the further or later stages. However, the parasite is still alive enabling it to infect a susceptible host.

A

Paratenic host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Host in w/c parasite can not be transmitted further

A

Dead end host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Animal host that harbors the same parasite as man or parasitic to man. They harbor the definitive, intermediate and paratenic host.

A

Reservoir host

Ex. Pigs: Bacantidium coli
Carabaos: Schistosoma japonicum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Host that carries the parasite inside but shows no signs and symptoms of infection

A

Carrier host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Host responsible for transferring a parasite from one location to another

A

Transfer host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

TYPES OF HOST

A 
Definitive host
Intermediate host
Accidental/incidental host
Paratenic host
Dead end host
Reservoir host
Carrier host
Transport host
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Responsible for transmitting the parasite from one host to another

A

Vector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Transmit the parasite only after the latter has completed it’s development within the host

A

Biologic vector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Vector of Malaria

A

Anopheles spp.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The sole purpose is only to transmit the parasite regardless of it’s stage

A

Mechanical vector or Phoretic vector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

TYPES OF VECTOR

A

Biologic and Mechanical vector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Harbors a particular pathogen without manifesting any signs and symptoms

A

Carrier

44
Q

Process of inoculating an infective agent

A

Exposure

45
Q

establishment of the infective agent in the host that leads to the manifestation of signs and symptoms or invasion of the body

A

Infection

46
Q

invasion of the body

A

Infestation

47
Q

period between infection or acquisition of the parasite and evidence or demonstration of infection

A

Pre-patent period or

Biologic Incubation Period

48
Q

period between infection and manifestation of signs and symptoms.
ex. diarrhea, fever, chills, abdominal pain and cramping

A

Patent period or

Clinical Incubation Period

49
Q

results when an individual becomes his own direct source of infection

A

Autoinfection

50
Q

happens when an infected individual is further infected with the same species leading to massive infection with the parasite or increase the worm burden

A

Superinfection or Hyperinfection

51
Q

parasite examples of autoinfection

A 
CCHETS
Capillaria philipinensis
Cryptosporidium parvum
Hymenolepis nana
Enterobius vermicularis (romeo&juliet)
Taenia solium
Strongyloides stercolons
52
Q

parasite that usually has no eggs in stool until it becomes superinfection

A

Strongyloides stercolons

53
Q

stage that is infective to host (human)

A

Infective stage

54
Q

stage that can be identified, detected, or measured by different laboratory procedures

A

Diagnostic stage

55
Q

when parasite that requires only single host to complete it’s development

A

Direct Life cycle

56
Q

when parasite requires 2 or more species of host to complete it’s cycle

A

Indirect Life cycle

57
Q

when a disease in human pop. maintains a relatively steady, moderate level

A

Endemic

58
Q

there is a sharp rise in the incidence or an outbreak of disease

A

Epidemic

59
Q

if the prevalence of a disease in a community is high

A

Hyper endemic

60
Q

if the disease appears only occasionally in one or few members of the society

A

Sporadic

61
Q

when the disease covers extensive area of infection

A

Pandemic

62
Q

parasites using transmission thru skin by direct penetration

A

Strongyloides stercoralis: hookworm in soil

Schistosoma: water

63
Q

examples of anthropod vectors

A 
Mosquitoes
Flies
Fleas
Tick
Bugs
64
Q

examples of mosquito anthropod vectors

A

Culex
Anopheles/Aedes
Mansonia

65
Q

what does Culex transmit?

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

66
Q

what does Anoheles/Aedes transmit?

A

Plasmodium

67
Q

what does Mansonia transmit?

A

Wuchereria bancrofti and

Brugia malayi

68
Q

examples of flies anthropod vectors

A

Simulium Blackfly
Chrysops Fly
Sand Fly
Tsetse Fly

69
Q

What does Simulium Blackfly transmit?

A

Onchocerca vulvulus

70
Q

What does Chrysops Fly transmit?

A

Loa loa

71
Q

What does Sand Fly transmit?

A

Leismania

72
Q

What does Tsetse Fly transmit?

A

Trypanosoma rhodiense and

Trypanosoma gambiense

73
Q

Examples of flea anthropod vectors

A

Dog flea
Rat flea
Water flea

74
Q

What does dog flea transmit?

A

Dipylidium caninum

75
Q

What does rat flea transmit?

A

Hymenolepsis diminuta

76
Q

What does water flea transmit?

A

Diphylobothrium latum

77
Q

What does deer tick transmit?

A

Babesia spp.

78
Q

What does Reduviid bug (kissing bug) transmit?

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

79
Q

parasites transmitted from CATS

A 
Toxoplasma gondii
Dipylidium caninum (and from dogs)
80
Q

parasites transmitted from DOGS

A

Toxocara canis

Echinococcus granolus

81
Q

parasites transmitted from RATS

A

Hymenolepsis nana

82
Q

examples of parasites transmitted thru ingestion of contaminated food, water, and milk

A

Helminths (Ascaris)
- ingestion of embryonated eggs

Drancunculus medinesis
- ingestion of embryo in infected flesh

Trichinella spiralis and Taenia solium/saginata
- ingestion of encysted larvae in infected flesh

83
Q

examples of parasite transmitted thru sexual activity

A 
Giargia lamblia
Entamoeba histolytica
Trichomonas vaginalis (ping pong disease)
*from oral sex:
Entamoeba gingivalis 
Trichomonas tenax
84
Q

examples of parasite transmitted thru respiratory tract

A

Enterobius vermicularis
Acantamoeba (can cause granulomatous amebic encephalitis)
Naegleria fowleri (can cause Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis PAM )

85
Q

examples of parasite transmitted thru placenta or congenital

A

Plasmodium
Toxoplasma gondi
Trypanosoma

86
Q

parasite transmitted thru mother’s milk

A

Strongyloides stercolaris and

Ancyclostoma stercoralis

87
Q

examples of parasite transmitted thru eye contact with infected swimming water

A

Acanthamoeba

88
Q

study of patterns, distribution and occurrence of disease

A

Epidemiology

89
Q

number of new cases of infection appearing in a population in a given period of time

A

Incidence

90
Q

number in a population estimated to be infected with a particular parasite species at a given time expressed as percentage

A

Prevalence

91
Q

percentage of individuals in a population infected with at least one parasite

A

Cumulative prevalence

92
Q

measured directly by counting expelled worms or indirectly by counting the eggs in the feces. Expressed as eggs per gram

A

Intensity of Infection or

Worm burden

93
Q

disease

A

Morbidity

94
Q

Death

A

Mortality

95
Q

involves individual-level deworming with selection for treatment on a diagnosis of infections or an assessment of the intensity of infection or based on presumptive grounds

A

Selective Treatment

96
Q

group-level deworming where the (risk) group to the treated (without prior diagnosis) may be defined by age, sex, or otehr social characteristics irrespective of infection status.

A

Targeted Treatment

97
Q

population-level deworming in which the community is treated irrespective of age, sex, infection status or other social characteristics

A

Universal Treatment

98
Q

use of anti-helmintnic drugs in an individual or public health program

A

Deworming

99
Q

refers to the number (expressed as percentage) of previously positive subjects found to be egg-negative on examination of a stool or urine sample using a standard procedure at a set time after deworming

A

Cure rate

100
Q

percentage fall or decrease in egg counts after deworming based on examination of a stool or urine sample using a standard procedure at a set time after the treatment

A

Egg reduction rate

101
Q

proportion of the target population reached by an intervention

A

Coverage

102
Q

genetically transmitted loss of susceptibility to a drug in a worm population that was previously sensitive to the appropriate therapeutic dose

A

Drug resistance

103
Q

effect of drug against an infective agent in ideal experiment conditions and isolated from any context

A

Efficacy

104
Q

measure of the effect of a drug against an infective agent in a particular host living in a particular environment with specific ecological, immunological and epidemiological determinants

A

Effectiveness

105
Q

a reduction in zero of the incidence of a specified disease in a defined geographic area as a result of deliberate efforts. continued intervention or surveillance measures still required

A

Elimination

106
Q

defined as a permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by specific agent as a result of deliberate efforts. Surveillance and measures are no longer needed.

A

Eradication

Clinical Parasitology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions