Chapter 2: Sources of Information, Why Research is Best and How to Find it

Question 1

Experience

Answer 1

Has no comparison group, but has confounds

Question 2

Comparison Group

Answer 2

• A group in an experiment whose levels of the independent variable differ from that of the treatment group in an intended and meaningful way (comparison condition)
• allows us to compare what happens with what happens and what we think matters

Question 3

Confounds

Answer 3

A general term for potential, alternative explanations for research findings.threatens internal validity

Question 4

Confederate

Answer 4

An actor directed to play a specific role in a study by a researcher

Question 5

Probabilistic

Answer 5

Describing empirical method; states science is only suppose to explain a certain portion of all possible cases, not all of them
*think “there is a strong probability” in terms of science and research *

Question 6

Intuition

Answer 6

Humans are not natural scientific thinkers.

Question 7

Availability Heuristic

Answer 7

• A bias in intuition
• Incorrect estimate of frequency of something
• Relying on instances that easily come to mind instead of using all of the possible evidence to evaluate a conclusion

Question 8

Past/ Present Bias

Answer 8

• A bias in Intuition
• Incorrect estimate of relationship between an event and its outcome by focusing on when both the event and outcome are present
• Failure to consider evidence that is absent or harder to notice

Question 9

Bias Blindspot

Answer 9

We are likely to believe that in comparison to the rest of population we are less likely to engage in bias reasoning

Question 10

Authority Bias

Answer 10

We are likely to believe someone with authority (ex. a celebrity or expert) without skepticism

Question 11

Meta Analysis

Answer 11

Mathematically averaging the effect size of all studies that have tested the same variables to see what conclusion the whole body of evidence supports

Question 12

Effect Size

Answer 12

The magnitude or strength of the relationship between two or more variables

Question 13

Components of an Empirical Journal Article

Answer 13

Abstract, Introduction, Method, Research, Discussion

Question 14

Abstract

Answer 14

Component of Empirical Journal Article, concise summary of article

Question 15

Introduction

Answer 15

-Component of Empirical Journal Article. first section/ paragraph that explains topic of study
- Contains hypothesis and research questions/ goals

Question 16

Method

Answer 16

• Component of Empirical Journal Article, explains how researchers conducted the study
• Contains participants, materials, procedure, apparatus

Question 17

Results

Answer 17

-Component of Empirical Journal Article, contains the quantitative and relevant qualitative data from the study
- tables, data figures and statistical methods used in analysis

Question 18

Discussion

Answer 18

-Component of Empirical Journal
1. Summary of research question and methods to indicate the efficacy of the study in supporting the hypothesis
2. Discuss significance of the study
3. Alternative explanations of data and further research questions

Question 19

Disinformation

Answer 19

Media created to be false or misleading