Chapter 2: Science of Human Movement

Question 1

Kinesiology

Answer 1

The study of human movement.

Question 2

Biomechanics

Answer 2

A physics term involving the study of how forces affect a living body.

Question 3

Ground reaction force

Answer 3

An equal and opposite external force that is exerted back onto the body by the ground.

Question 4

Quantitative

analysis

Answer 4

Taking physical

measurements and making mathematical computations to reach a conclusion.

Question 5

Qualitative

analysis

Answer 5

Applying principles of proper technique and com- bining them with observa- tions in order to make an educated evaluation.

Question 6

Sagittal Plane

Answer 6

Bisects the body into right and left halves.

Question 7

Frontal Plane

Answer 7

Bisects the body into front and back halves.

Question 8

Transverse Plane

Answer 8

Bisects the body to create upper and lower halves.

Question 9

Plumb line

Answer 9

A vertical line of reference consisting of a cord with plumb bob attached to one end.

Question 10

Concentric

Answer 10

Developing tension while a muscle is shortening; when developed tension overcomes resistive force.

Question 11

Eccentric

Answer 11

Developing tension while a muscle is lengthening; when resistive force overcomes developed tension.

Question 12

Isometric

Answer 12

When the contractile force is equal to the resistive force.

Question 13

Force

Answer 13

An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object.

Question 14

Force equation

Answer 14

Mass × Acceleration

Question 15

Mass

Answer 15

The amount of matter in an object or physical body.

Question 16

Matter

Answer 16

A substance that takes up space.

Question 17

Acceleration

Answer 17

The speed of an object.

Question 18

Weight

Answer 18

The amount of force that gravity has on the body.

Question 19

Gravity

Answer 19

A force that accelerates an object or mass downward towards the earth’s center.

Question 20

Length-tension

relationship

Answer 20

The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.

Question 21

Force–velocity

curve

Answer 21

The relationship of muscle’s ability to produce tension at differing shortening velocities.

Question 22

Arthrokinematics

Answer 22

Joint motion.

Question 23

Class I lever

Answer 23

The fulcrum is between the force and the load.

Question 24

Class II lever

Answer 24

The load is between the force and the fulcrum.

Question 25

Class III lever

Answer 25

The most common in the body, the pull is between the load and the fulcrum.

Question 26

Rotary motion

Answer 26

Movement of the bones around the joints.

Question 27

Torque

Answer 27

A force that produces rotation. Common unit of torque is the Newton-Meter or Nm.

Question 28

Agonists

Answer 28

Muscles that act as prime movers. For example, the gluteus maximus is the prime mover for hip extension.

Question 29

Antagonists

Answer 29

Muscles that act in direct opposition to prime movers. For example, the psoas is antagonistic to the gluteus maximus.

Question 30

Synergists

Answer 30

Muscles that assist prime movers during functional movement patterns. For example, the hamstring and the erector spinae are synergistic with the gluteus maximus during hip extension.

Question 31

Stabilizers

Answer 31

Muscles that support or stabilize the body while the prime movers and the synergists perform the movement patterns.

Question 32

Neuromuscular

system

Answer 32

A combined system of the nervous and muscular systems.

Question 33

Extensibility

Answer 33

The ability of being stretched or lengthened.

Question 34

Elasticity

Answer 34

A muscle’s ability to return to normal or resting length after it has been stretched.

Question 35

Irritability

Answer 35

A muscle is able to respond to a stimulus.

Question 36

Contraction

Answer 36

The activation of a force within a muscle to produce an action at a joint.

Question 37

Motor behavior

Answer 37

Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli.

Question 38

Motor control

Answer 38

How the CNS integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experience to produce a motor response.

Question 39

Motor learning

Answer 39

The integration of motor control processes with practice and experience that leads to relatively permanent changes in the body’s capacity to produce skilled movements.

Question 40

Motor Development

Answer 40

The change in motor skill behavior over time-throughout the lifetime.

Question 41

Motor unit

discharge rate

Answer 41

The rate at which motor neurons discharge action potentials; also referred to as rate coding.

Question 42

Proprioception

Answer 42

The cumulative neural input from sensory afferents to the CNS.

Question 43

Sensorimotor

integration

Answer 43

The ability of the CNS to gather and interpret sen- sory information to execute the proper motor response.

Question 44

Internal feedback

Answer 44

Sensory information provided by the body
via length–tension relationships, force–couple relationships and arthrokinematics to monitor movement and the environment.

Question 45

External feedback

Answer 45

Information provided by some external source.

Question 46

Knowledge of

results

Answer 46

Feedback used after the completion of a movement to help inform the athlete about the outcome of his performance.

Question 47

Knowledge of performance

Answer 47

Feedback that provides information about the quality of the movement during exercise.