Chapter 2 Science and the SKY

Question 1

Information detected with the senses, or with equipment that extends our senses

Answer 1

observations

Question 2

inferences

Answer 2

conclusions we draw based on observations

Question 3

atmosphere

Answer 3

blanket of gases that surrounds earth and other planets. made up of layers which differ in temp, density, and gas composition

Question 4

troposphere

Answer 4

region of atmosphere that starts at ground level and extends upward about 7 miles

Question 5

stratosphere

Answer 5

region of atmosphere that starts at top of troposphere and extends up about 31 miles. contains ozone layer

Question 6

ozone

Answer 6

molecule with 3 oxygen atoms that absorbs UV radiation in the stratosphere

Question 7

replication with a study

Answer 7

multiple data points collected at more than one testing site

Question 8

scientific investigation

Answer 8

based on data gathered thru empirical evidence (observations). physical phenomena objectively observed, collected

Question 9

CFCs contain

Answer 9

carbon, fluorine, and chlorine.

Question 10

UV radiation

Answer 10

short wavelength electromagnetic energy emitted by Sun.

Question 11

science

Answer 11

body of knowledge, facts and explanations, re natural world, and process used to get that knowledge

Question 12

empirical evidence

Answer 12

info gathered via observation of physical phenomena

Question 13

correlation

Answer 13

2 things occur together, not necessarily mean one caused the other

Question 14

cause-and-effect relationship

Answer 14

association between 2 variables that identifies one (the effect) occurring as result of or in response to the other (cause)

Question 15

scientific method

Answer 15

procedure used to empirically test a hypothesis

Question 16

hypothesis

Answer 16

possible explanation for what we have observed that is based on previous knowledge

Question 17

testable

Answer 17

possible explanation that generates predictions for which empirical evidence can be collected to verify or refute hypothesis

Question 18

prediction

Answer 18

statement that identifies what is expected to happen in given situation

Question 19

falsifiable

Answer 19

idea or prediction that can be proved wrong by evidence

Question 20

observational study

Answer 20

research that gathers data in real world setting w/o intentionally manipulating any variable

Question 21

experimental study

Answer 21

research that manipulates a variable in a test group and compares response to control group that was not exposed to same variable

Question 22

control group

Answer 22

group in experimental study that test group’s result are compared to, will differ from test group in only one way

Question 23

test group

Answer 23

group in experimental study that is manipulated such that it differs from control group in only 1 way

Question 24

independent variable

Answer 24

variable in experiment that researcher manipulates or changes to see if it produces an effect

Question 25

dependent variable

Answer 25

variable that is evaluated to see if it changes due to the conditions of the experiment

Question 26

peer-reviewed

Answer 26

work submitted to outside experts who evaluate study's design and results to determine if high enough quality to publish

Question 27

theory

Answer 27

widely accepted explanation of a natural phenomenon that has been extensively and rigorously tested scientifically

Question 28

statistics

Answer 28

mathematical evaluation of experimental data to determine how likely and difference observed is due to the variable being tested

Question 29

# up observations

Answer 29

Information detected with the senses, or with equipment that extends our senses

Question 30

# up conclusions we draw based on observations

Answer 30

inferences

Question 31

# up blanket of gases that surrounds earth and other planets. made up of layers which differ in temp, density, and gas composition

Answer 31

atmosphere

Question 32

# up region of atmosphere that starts at ground level and extends upward about 7 miles

Answer 32

troposphere

Question 33

# up region of atmosphere that starts at top of troposphere and extends up about 31 miles. contains ozone layer

Answer 33

stratosphere

Question 34

# up molecule with 3 oxygen atoms that absorbs UV radiation in the stratosphere

Answer 34

ozone

Question 35

# up multiple data points collected at more than one testing site

Answer 35

replication with a study

Question 36

# up based on data gathered thru empirical evidence (observations). physical phenomena objectively observed, collected

Answer 36

scientific investigation

Question 37

# up carbon, fluorine, and chlorine.

Answer 37

CFCs contain

Question 38

# up short wavelength electromagnetic energy emitted by Sun.

Answer 38

UV radiation

Question 39

# up body of knowledge, facts and explanations, re natural world, and process used to get that knowledge

Answer 39

science

Question 40

# up info gathered via observation of physical phenomena

Answer 40

empirical evidence

Question 41

# up 2 things occur together, not necessarily mean one caused the other

Answer 41

correlation

Question 42

# up association between 2 variables that identifies one (the effect) occurring as result of or in response to the other (cause)

Answer 42

cause-and-effect relationship

Question 43

# up procedure used to empirically test a hypothesis

Answer 43

scientific method

Question 44

# up possible explanation for what we have observed that is based on previous knowledge

Answer 44

hypothesis

Question 45

# up possible explanation that generates predictions for which empirical evidence can be collected to verify or refute hypothesis

Answer 45

testable

Question 46

# up statement that identifies what is expected to happen in given situation

Answer 46

prediction

Question 47

# up idea or prediction that can be proved wrong by evidence

Answer 47

falsifiable

Question 48

# up research that gathers data in real world setting w/o intentionally manipulating any variable

Answer 48

observational study

Question 49

# up research that manipulates a variable in a test group and compares response to control group that was not exposed to same variable

Answer 49

experimental study

Question 50

# up group in experimental study that test group's result are compared to, will differ from test group in only one way

Answer 50

control group

Question 51

# up group in experimental study that is manipulated such that it differs from control group in only 1 way

Answer 51

test group

Question 52

# up variable in experiment that researcher manipulates or changes to see if it produces an effect

Answer 52

independent variable

Question 53

# up variable that is evaluated to see if it changes due to the conditions of the experiment

Answer 53

dependent variable

Question 54

# up work submitted to outside experts who evaluate study's design and results to determine if high enough quality to publish

Answer 54

peer-reviewed

Question 55

# up widely accepted explanation of a natural phenomenon that has been extensively and rigorously tested scientifically

Answer 55

theory

Question 56

mathematical evaluation of experimental data to determine how likely a difference observed is due to the variable being tested

Answer 56

statistics

Question 57

Montreal Protocol

Answer 57

International treaty that laid out plans to phase out ozone depleting chemicals like CFC

Question 58

Policy

Answer 58

formalized plan that addresses a deisred outcome or goal

Question 59

precautionary principal

Answer 59

acting in way that leaves safety margin when data is uncertain or severe consequences are possible

Question 60

adaptive management

Answer 60

Plan that allows room for altering strategies as new info comes in or situation changes

Question 61

Scientists generally require a level of certainty of at least ______ to be sure their conclusions are correct.

Answer 61

95%

Question 62

The multiple lines of evidence in support of the CFC hypothesis have elevated it to the status of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 62

theory

Question 63

Which type of study is appropriate for demonstrating the cause-and-effect relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable?

Answer 63

experimental

Question 64

A(n) _____ is a possible explanation for what is observed that is based on some previous knowledge.

Answer 64

hypothesis

Question 65

In the following example, what is the independent variable? Hypothesis: Mice on a restricted low-caloric diet will live longer than mice that can eat as much as they want. Experiment: A large population of genetically identical mice is divided into two groups. Half receive as much food as they care to eat each day. The other half receives 20% less food than a typical mouse eats each day. The day of death (lifespan) is recorded for all mice. All mice live in the same room, in the same type of cage, with access to water.