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Environmental Science > Chapter 2 Science and the SKY > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Science and the SKY Flashcards

1
Q

Information detected with the senses, or with equipment that extends our senses

A

observations

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2
Q

inferences

A

conclusions we draw based on observations

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3
Q

atmosphere

A

blanket of gases that surrounds earth and other planets. made up of layers which differ in temp, density, and gas composition

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4
Q

troposphere

A

region of atmosphere that starts at ground level and extends upward about 7 miles

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5
Q

stratosphere

A

region of atmosphere that starts at top of troposphere and extends up about 31 miles. contains ozone layer

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6
Q

ozone

A

molecule with 3 oxygen atoms that absorbs UV radiation in the stratosphere

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7
Q

replication with a study

A

multiple data points collected at more than one testing site

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8
Q

scientific investigation

A

based on data gathered thru empirical evidence (observations). physical phenomena objectively observed, collected

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9
Q

CFCs contain

A

carbon, fluorine, and chlorine.

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10
Q

UV radiation

A

short wavelength electromagnetic energy emitted by Sun.

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11
Q

science

A

body of knowledge, facts and explanations, re natural world, and process used to get that knowledge

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12
Q

empirical evidence

A

info gathered via observation of physical phenomena

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13
Q

correlation

A

2 things occur together, not necessarily mean one caused the other

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14
Q

cause-and-effect relationship

A

association between 2 variables that identifies one (the effect) occurring as result of or in response to the other (cause)

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15
Q

scientific method

A

procedure used to empirically test a hypothesis

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16
Q

hypothesis

A

possible explanation for what we have observed that is based on previous knowledge

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17
Q

testable

A

possible explanation that generates predictions for which empirical evidence can be collected to verify or refute hypothesis

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18
Q

prediction

A

statement that identifies what is expected to happen in given situation

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19
Q

falsifiable

A

idea or prediction that can be proved wrong by evidence

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20
Q

observational study

A

research that gathers data in real world setting w/o intentionally manipulating any variable

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21
Q

experimental study

A

research that manipulates a variable in a test group and compares response to control group that was not exposed to same variable

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22
Q

control group

A

group in experimental study that test group’s result are compared to, will differ from test group in only one way

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23
Q

test group

A

group in experimental study that is manipulated such that it differs from control group in only 1 way

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24
Q

independent variable

A

variable in experiment that researcher manipulates or changes to see if it produces an effect

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25
Q

dependent variable

A

variable that is evaluated to see if it changes due to the conditions of the experiment

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26
Q

peer-reviewed

A

work submitted to outside experts who evaluate study’s design and results to determine if high enough quality to publish

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27
Q

theory

A

widely accepted explanation of a natural phenomenon that has been extensively and rigorously tested scientifically

28
Q

statistics

A

mathematical evaluation of experimental data to determine how likely and difference observed is due to the variable being tested

29
Q

up

observations

A

Information detected with the senses, or with equipment that extends our senses

30
Q

up

conclusions we draw based on observations

A

inferences

31
Q

up

blanket of gases that surrounds earth and other planets. made up of layers which differ in temp, density, and gas composition

A

atmosphere

32
Q

up

region of atmosphere that starts at ground level and extends upward about 7 miles

A

troposphere

33
Q

up

region of atmosphere that starts at top of troposphere and extends up about 31 miles. contains ozone layer

A

stratosphere

34
Q

up

molecule with 3 oxygen atoms that absorbs UV radiation in the stratosphere

35
Q

up

multiple data points collected at more than one testing site

A

replication with a study

36
Q

up

based on data gathered thru empirical evidence (observations). physical phenomena objectively observed, collected

A

scientific investigation

37
Q

up

carbon, fluorine, and chlorine.

A

CFCs contain

38
Q

up

short wavelength electromagnetic energy emitted by Sun.

A

UV radiation

39
Q

up

body of knowledge, facts and explanations, re natural world, and process used to get that knowledge

40
Q

up

info gathered via observation of physical phenomena

A

empirical evidence

41
Q

up

2 things occur together, not necessarily mean one caused the other

A

correlation

42
Q

up

association between 2 variables that identifies one (the effect) occurring as result of or in response to the other (cause)

A

cause-and-effect relationship

43
Q

up

procedure used to empirically test a hypothesis

A

scientific method

44
Q

up

possible explanation for what we have observed that is based on previous knowledge

A

hypothesis

45
Q

up

possible explanation that generates predictions for which empirical evidence can be collected to verify or refute hypothesis

46
Q

up

statement that identifies what is expected to happen in given situation

A

prediction

47
Q

up

idea or prediction that can be proved wrong by evidence

A

falsifiable

48
Q

up

research that gathers data in real world setting w/o intentionally manipulating any variable

A

observational study

49
Q

up

research that manipulates a variable in a test group and compares response to control group that was not exposed to same variable

A

experimental study

50
Q

up

group in experimental study that test group’s result are compared to, will differ from test group in only one way

A

control group

51
Q

up

group in experimental study that is manipulated such that it differs from control group in only 1 way

A

test group

52
Q

up

variable in experiment that researcher manipulates or changes to see if it produces an effect

A

independent variable

53
Q

up

variable that is evaluated to see if it changes due to the conditions of the experiment

A

dependent variable

54
Q

up

work submitted to outside experts who evaluate study’s design and results to determine if high enough quality to publish

A

peer-reviewed

55
Q

up

widely accepted explanation of a natural phenomenon that has been extensively and rigorously tested scientifically

56
Q

mathematical evaluation of experimental data to determine how likely a difference observed is due to the variable being tested

A

statistics

57
Q

Montreal Protocol

A

International treaty that laid out plans to phase out ozone depleting chemicals like CFC

58
Q

Policy

A

formalized plan that addresses a deisred outcome or goal

59
Q

precautionary principal

A

acting in way that leaves safety margin when data is uncertain or severe consequences are possible

60
Q

adaptive management

A

Plan that allows room for altering strategies as new info comes in or situation changes

61
Q

Scientists generally require a level of certainty of at least ______ to be sure their conclusions are correct.

62
Q

The multiple lines of evidence in support of the CFC hypothesis have elevated it to the status of __________.

63
Q

Which type of study is appropriate for demonstrating the cause-and-effect relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable?

A

experimental

64
Q

A(n) _____ is a possible explanation for what is observed that is based on some previous knowledge.

A

hypothesis

65
Q

In the following example, what is the independent variable? Hypothesis: Mice on a restricted low-caloric diet will live longer than mice that can eat as much as they want. Experiment: A large population of genetically identical mice is divided into two groups. Half receive as much food as they care to eat each day. The other half receives 20% less food than a typical mouse eats each day. The day of death (lifespan) is recorded for all mice. All mice live in the same room, in the same type of cage, with access to water.

Environmental Science (14 decks)

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