Chapter 2 pt.2

Question 1

What are the four key points about the brain and its role in cognitive development?

Answer 1

(1) Different parts of the brain have different specialties, but still work closely w/ one another
(2) Most learning probably involves changes in neurons and synapses
(3) Developmental changes in the brain enable increasingly complex and efficient thought
(4) The brain remains adaptable thought life

Question 2

Structures in the lower and middle parts of the brain specialize in essential ___________ ________, _______ _____ ___________, and ______ _________ ______

Answer 2

psychological processes
habitual body movements
basic perceptual skills

Question 3

complex, conscious thinking takes place primarily in the _______

Answer 3

cortex

Question 4

upper part of the brain; site of complex, conscious thinking processes

Answer 4

cortex

Question 5

The prefrontal-cortex is located near the __________

Answer 5

forehead

Question 6

The brain has two hemispheres (left & right halves):

1. left hemisphere controls?
2. right hemisphere controls?

Answer 6

1. language and logical thinking

2. visual and spatial tasks

Question 7

sometimes making progress actually involves __________ synapses

Answer 7

eliminating

Question 8

universal process in early brain development in which many new synapses form spontaneously

Answer 8

synaptogenesis

Question 9

synaptogenesis is driven primarily by _________ _____________ rather than by _________ ____________

Answer 9

genetic programming

learning experiences

Question 10

ability to reorganize in order to adapt to changing circumstances; term often used in describing the human brain

Answer 10

plasticity

Question 11

Three recommendations are consistent with current knowledge about the brain and how it changes with age:
1.
2.
3.

Answer 11

1. Provide reasonable stimulation for young children; don’t overload them w/ new info and activities for fear of “losing synapses”
2. Keep i mind that adolescents’ brains have not yet fully matured
3. Be optimistic that students of all ages can acquire a wide variety of new topics and skills

Question 12

procedure in which an adult presents a task or problem and ask a child a series of questions about it, tailoring later questions to the child’s responses to previous ones

Answer 12

clinical method

Question 13

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, suggests that young children have trouble with ______ _______

Answer 13

class inclusion

Question 14

recognition that an object simultaneously belongs to a particular category and to one of its subcategories

Answer 14

class inclusion

Question 15

Piaget believed children were ______ and _________ learners, they _________ rather than absorb information

Answer 15

active
motivated
construct

Question 16

theoretical perspective proposing that learners actively construct (rather than passively absorb) knowledge from their experiences

Answer 16

constructivism

Question 17

organized group of similar actions or thoughts that are used repeatedly in response to the environment

Answer 17

scheme

Question 18

According to piaget’s theory of cognitive development, Children continually learn new things though two complementary process: ___________ and _____________

Answer 18

assimilation

accommodation

Question 19

process of dealing with an object or event in a way that is consistent with an existing scheme

Answer 19

assimilation

Question 20

process of dealing with a new object or event by either modifying an existing scheme or forming a new one

Answer 20

accommodation

Question 21

Accommodation occurs in two ways:
1.
2.

Answer 21

1. modifying an existing scheme to account for the new object or event
2. form a new scheme to deal with it

Question 22

Interactions with one’s _______ and _______ environments are essential for cognitive development

Answer 22

physical

social

Question 23

state of being able to address new events with existing schemes

Answer 23

equilibrium

Question 24

state of being unable to address new events with existing schemes; typically accompanied by some mental discomfort

Answer 24

disequilibrium

Question 25

movement from equilibrium to disequilibrium and back to equilibrium, a process that promotes development of more complex thought and understandings

Answer 25

equilibration

Question 26

situation in which one encounters and has to wrestle with ideas and viewpoints inconsistent with one’s own

Answer 26

sociocognitive conflict

Question 27

What are the four stages of Piaget’s cognitive development?

Answer 27

1. Sensorimotor Stage
2. Pre-operational Stage
3. Concrete Operations Stage
4. Formal Operations Stage

Question 28

What ages do the stages of Piaget’s cognitive development?

Answer 28

Sensorimotor Stage-begins at birth
Pre-operational Stage-2yrs old
Concrete Operations Stage-6/7 yrs old
Formal Operations Stage-11/12 yrs old

Question 29

Piaget’s first state of cognitive development, in which schemes are based largely on behaviors and perceptions

Answer 29

Sensorimotor Stage

Question 30

Piaget’s second state of cognitive development,children can think about objects and events beyond their immediate view but do not yet reason in logical, adultlike ways

Answer 30

Pre-operational Stage

Question 31

Piaget’s third state of cognitive development;adultlike logic appears but is limited to concrete reality

Answer 31

Concrete Operations Stage

Question 32

Piaget’s fourth state of cognitive development; logical reasoning processes are applied to abstract ideas as well as to concrete objects

Answer 32

Formal Operations Stage

Question 33

Explain Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development step-by-step.

Answer 33

1. Equilibrium
2. Interaction whith new concept leads to disequilibrium
3. They either assimilate or accomodate
4. develop a new schema
5. Equilibrium again

Question 34

The ideas of scaffolding, ZPD (zone of proximal development), and SCT (Sociocultural Theory) in terms of development were created by whom?

Answer 34

Vygotsky

Question 35

Explain the cycle of language.

Answer 35

language helps you increase your critical thinking and critical thinking helps you improve your language

Question 36

In terms of development list the concepts Piaget suggested.

Answer 36

• assimilate
• accommodation
• equilibrium/ disequilibrium
• stages
• schema