Chapter 2 pt.2 Flashcards
What are the four key points about the brain and its role in cognitive development?
(1) Different parts of the brain have different specialties, but still work closely w/ one another
(2) Most learning probably involves changes in neurons and synapses
(3) Developmental changes in the brain enable increasingly complex and efficient thought
(4) The brain remains adaptable thought life
Structures in the lower and middle parts of the brain specialize in essential ___________ ________, _______ _____ ___________, and ______ _________ ______
psychological processes
habitual body movements
basic perceptual skills
complex, conscious thinking takes place primarily in the _______
cortex
upper part of the brain; site of complex, conscious thinking processes
cortex
The prefrontal-cortex is located near the __________
forehead
The brain has two hemispheres (left & right halves):
- left hemisphere controls?
- right hemisphere controls?
- language and logical thinking
2. visual and spatial tasks
sometimes making progress actually involves __________ synapses
eliminating
universal process in early brain development in which many new synapses form spontaneously
synaptogenesis
synaptogenesis is driven primarily by _________ _____________ rather than by _________ ____________
genetic programming
learning experiences
ability to reorganize in order to adapt to changing circumstances; term often used in describing the human brain
plasticity
Three recommendations are consistent with current knowledge about the brain and how it changes with age:
1.
2.
3.
- Provide reasonable stimulation for young children; don’t overload them w/ new info and activities for fear of “losing synapses”
- Keep i mind that adolescents’ brains have not yet fully matured
- Be optimistic that students of all ages can acquire a wide variety of new topics and skills
procedure in which an adult presents a task or problem and ask a child a series of questions about it, tailoring later questions to the child’s responses to previous ones
clinical method
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, suggests that young children have trouble with ______ _______
class inclusion
recognition that an object simultaneously belongs to a particular category and to one of its subcategories
class inclusion
Piaget believed children were ______ and _________ learners, they _________ rather than absorb information
active
motivated
construct
theoretical perspective proposing that learners actively construct (rather than passively absorb) knowledge from their experiences
constructivism
organized group of similar actions or thoughts that are used repeatedly in response to the environment
scheme
According to piaget’s theory of cognitive development, Children continually learn new things though two complementary process: ___________ and _____________
assimilation
accommodation
process of dealing with an object or event in a way that is consistent with an existing scheme
assimilation
process of dealing with a new object or event by either modifying an existing scheme or forming a new one
accommodation
Accommodation occurs in two ways:
1.
2.
- modifying an existing scheme to account for the new object or event
- form a new scheme to deal with it
Interactions with one’s _______ and _______ environments are essential for cognitive development
physical
social
state of being able to address new events with existing schemes
equilibrium
state of being unable to address new events with existing schemes; typically accompanied by some mental discomfort
disequilibrium
movement from equilibrium to disequilibrium and back to equilibrium, a process that promotes development of more complex thought and understandings
equilibration
situation in which one encounters and has to wrestle with ideas and viewpoints inconsistent with one’s own
sociocognitive conflict
What are the four stages of Piaget’s cognitive development?
- Sensorimotor Stage
- Pre-operational Stage
- Concrete Operations Stage
- Formal Operations Stage
What ages do the stages of Piaget’s cognitive development?
Sensorimotor Stage-begins at birth
Pre-operational Stage-2yrs old
Concrete Operations Stage-6/7 yrs old
Formal Operations Stage-11/12 yrs old
Piaget’s first state of cognitive development, in which schemes are based largely on behaviors and perceptions
Sensorimotor Stage
Piaget’s second state of cognitive development,children can think about objects and events beyond their immediate view but do not yet reason in logical, adultlike ways
Pre-operational Stage
Piaget’s third state of cognitive development;adultlike logic appears but is limited to concrete reality
Concrete Operations Stage
Piaget’s fourth state of cognitive development; logical reasoning processes are applied to abstract ideas as well as to concrete objects
Formal Operations Stage
Explain Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development step-by-step.
- Equilibrium
- Interaction whith new concept leads to disequilibrium
- They either assimilate or accomodate
- develop a new schema
- Equilibrium again
The ideas of scaffolding, ZPD (zone of proximal development), and SCT (Sociocultural Theory) in terms of development were created by whom?
Vygotsky
Explain the cycle of language.
language helps you increase your critical thinking and critical thinking helps you improve your language
In terms of development list the concepts Piaget suggested.
- assimilate
- accommodation
- equilibrium/ disequilibrium
- stages
- schema
