Chapter 2 pt.1 Flashcards
development of increasingly sophisticated thinking, reasoning, and language with age
cognitive development
The four general principles of human development, characterize children’s _______, _________, ________, and _______ ___________
physical
cognitive
personal
social development
similar patterns in how children change and progress over time regardless of their specific environment
universals
appearance of a new, more advanced behavior that indicates significant
developmental milestones
don’t jump to conclusions about what students can do based on ____
age
development is often marked by periods of relatively rapid growth (______) between periods of slower growth (________)
spurts
plateaus
_______ and ____________ interact in their effects of development
Heredity
environment
Heredity and environment continues to guide a child’s growth through the process of __________
maturation
occurrence of genetically controlled physical advancements as a child develops
maturation
the degree to which various human characteristics are the result of ________ vs ____________ (nature vs nurture)
heredity vs environment
age range during which a certain aspect of a child’s development is especially susceptible to environmental conditions
sensitive periods
True or False: children have no say in their environment
False; they can choose their environment to some extent
Any large society encompasses various layers of environment that all have significant impacts on children’s development:
- the most basic level for most children is the _______
- the _____________ and __________
- a broader lever, the _______ (or __________) and _________
- permeating and impacting all of the previous layers is a child’s _________
- family
- neighborhood, community
- state (or province), country
- culture
behaviors and belief systems of a long-standing social group
culture
in general, children’s environments are _________ systems
dynamic
the brain has ________ cells
trillion
about one hundred billion of cells in your brain are nerve cells, or ________
neurons
cell in the brain or another part of the nervous system that transmits information to other cells
neuron
each neuron has a ____ ______, which contains its _________ and is responsible for its general well-being
cell body
nucleus
The neuron has numerous branchlike structures, called _________, that receive messages from other neurons
dendrites
When dendrites become stimulated they become __________ __________
electrically charged
when the charge reaches a certain level [in the dendrites], the neuron sends an electrical impulse along its ______ to the ________ ________
axons
terminal buttons
In the dendrite, if the axon has a ______ ______, the impulse travels rapidly (leaping from _______ ________)
myelin sheath
myelin sheath
a long armlike structure that transmits information on to still other neurons
axon
In neurons, the ends of its branches have _________ _______ that contain certain chemical substances.
Sometime it is contain white, fatty coating called a _______ ________.
terminal buttons
myelin sheath
True or False: neurons don’t actually touch each other
True
Neurons send chemical messages to __________
synapses
junction between two neurons that allows transmission of messages from one to the other
synapse
electrical impulse moves along a neuron’s axon, and signals the terminal buttons to release chemicals known as ___________________
neurotransmitters
chemical substance through which one neuron sends a message to another
neurotransmitters
one to five trillion cells in the brain are ______ cells
glial
cell in the brain that supports neurons or general brain functioning
glial cell
