Chapter 2 Pt. 2 Flashcards
________- Process of developing a theory after observing specific events.
Induction
_________- Process of applying a theory to a specific case.
Deduction
Induction- Process of __________ a theory after observing specific events.
developing
Deduction- Process of ________ a theory to a specific case.
applying
“the type of reasoning that moves from the general to the specific”?
deductive reasoning
“the type of reasoning that moves form the specific to the general”?
inductive reasoning
Is this deductive reasoning or inductive reasoning:
often used in quantitative methods
deductive reasoning
Is this deductive reasoning or inductive reasoning:
premise 1: all unemployed spouse abusers recidivate
premise 2: joe is an unemployed spouse abuser
conclusion: Joe will recidivate
deductive reasoning
Is this deductive reasoning or inductive reasoning:
premise 1: Joe, an unemployed spouse abuser, recidivated
premise 2: Haorld, an unemployed spouse abuser, reciedivated
premise 3: George, an employed spouse abuser, didn’t recidivate
Conclusion: all unemployed spouse abusers recidivate
inductive reasoning
The links between theory and data:
_____:_____ __ ____ (_____)———> Deductive Reasoning ———> Reality: What we observe (Data) ———> Inductive Reasoning
Ideas: What we think (Theory)
The links between theory and data:
Ideas: What we think (Theory)———> _________ _________ ———> Reality: What we observe (Data) ———> Inductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning
The links between theory and data:
Ideas: What we think (Theory)———> Deductive Reasoning ———> _______:_____ ___ _______ (_____) ———> Inductive Reasoning
Reality: What we observe (Data)
The links between theory and data:
Ideas: What we think (Theory)———> Deductive Reasoning ———> Reality: What we observe (Data) ———> _________ _________
Inductive Reasoning
___________ findings are also known as anomalous findings
serendipitous
serendipitous findings are also known as _________ findings
anomalous
What are serendipitous findings (anomalous findings)?
unexpected patterns in data, which stimulate new ideas or theoretical approaches
“a diagram of the elements of the research process, including theories, hypotheses, data, collection, and data analysis”?
research circle
What is in the outer research circle?
theory———> hypothesis———> data ———> descriptive research ———> empirical generalizations
What is in the inner research circle?
Deductive research———> Inductive research
Is this inductive or deductive research:
the type of research in which a specific expectation is deduced from a general premise and is then tested
deductive research
Is this inductive or deductive research:
the type of research in which specific data are used to develop (induce) a general explanation
inductive research
The motives for deductive research include both __________ and _________
explanation
evaluation
“a tentative statement about empirical reality involving the relationship between 2 or more variables”?
hypothesis
“characteristics or properties that can vary”?
variable
“a variable that has a fixed value in a given situation; a characteristics or value that does not change”?
constant
What is the difference between an independent variable and a dependent variable?
independent variable- a variable that is hypothesized to cause, or lead to, variation in another variable
dependent variable- a variable that is hypothesized to change or vary depending on the variation in another variable
The motive for inductive research is __________
exploration
What is the difference between positive relationship and negative relationship?
positive relationship- the independent and dependent variables move in the same direction; as one increases the other increases
negative relationship- the independent and dependent variables move in opposite directions; as one increases the other decreases
What is direction of association?
when the values of variables tend to change consistently in relation to change in the other variable
Direction of Association can be ________ or ________.
positive
negative
What are empirical generalization?
statements that describe patterns found in data
A hypothesis makes a _________ about the relationship between different variables.
prediction
A hypothesis makes a prediction about the __________ between different variables.
relationship
A hypothesis makes a prediction about the relationship between different __________.
variables
Variables are composed of different ______.
levels
What is a Level (Attribute)?
Any characteristic or quality that describes an object
Gender, Judicial Sentence, Religion, and Race are examples of _____(________)
level (attribute)
