Chapter 2 Pt. 2

Question 1

________- Process of developing a theory after observing specific events.

Answer 1

Induction

Question 2

_________- Process of applying a theory to a specific case.

Answer 2

Deduction

Question 3

Induction- Process of __________ a theory after observing specific events.

Answer 3

developing

Question 4

Deduction- Process of ________ a theory to a specific case.

Answer 4

applying

Question 5

“the type of reasoning that moves from the general to the specific”?

Answer 5

deductive reasoning

Question 6

“the type of reasoning that moves form the specific to the general”?

Answer 6

inductive reasoning

Question 7

Is this deductive reasoning or inductive reasoning:

often used in quantitative methods

Answer 7

deductive reasoning

Question 8

Is this deductive reasoning or inductive reasoning:

premise 1: all unemployed spouse abusers recidivate
premise 2: joe is an unemployed spouse abuser
conclusion: Joe will recidivate

Answer 8

deductive reasoning

Question 9

Is this deductive reasoning or inductive reasoning:

premise 1: Joe, an unemployed spouse abuser, recidivated
premise 2: Haorld, an unemployed spouse abuser, reciedivated
premise 3: George, an employed spouse abuser, didn’t recidivate
Conclusion: all unemployed spouse abusers recidivate

Answer 9

inductive reasoning

Question 10

The links between theory and data:

_____:_____ __ ____ (_____)———> Deductive Reasoning ———> Reality: What we observe (Data) ———> Inductive Reasoning

Answer 10

Ideas: What we think (Theory)

Question 11

The links between theory and data:

Ideas: What we think (Theory)———> _________ _________ ———> Reality: What we observe (Data) ———> Inductive Reasoning

Answer 11

Deductive Reasoning

Question 12

The links between theory and data:

Ideas: What we think (Theory)———> Deductive Reasoning ———> _______:_____ ___ _______ (_____) ———> Inductive Reasoning

Answer 12

Reality: What we observe (Data)

Question 13

The links between theory and data:

Ideas: What we think (Theory)———> Deductive Reasoning ———> Reality: What we observe (Data) ———> _________ _________

Answer 13

Inductive Reasoning

Question 14

___________ findings are also known as anomalous findings

Answer 14

serendipitous

Question 15

serendipitous findings are also known as _________ findings

Answer 15

anomalous

Question 16

What are serendipitous findings (anomalous findings)?

Answer 16

unexpected patterns in data, which stimulate new ideas or theoretical approaches

Question 17

“a diagram of the elements of the research process, including theories, hypotheses, data, collection, and data analysis”?

Answer 17

research circle

Question 18

What is in the outer research circle?

Answer 18

theory———> hypothesis———> data ———> descriptive research ———> empirical generalizations

Question 19

What is in the inner research circle?

Answer 19

Deductive research———> Inductive research

Question 20

Is this inductive or deductive research:

the type of research in which a specific expectation is deduced from a general premise and is then tested

Answer 20

deductive research

Question 21

Is this inductive or deductive research:

the type of research in which specific data are used to develop (induce) a general explanation

Answer 21

inductive research

Question 22

The motives for deductive research include both __________ and _________

Answer 22

explanation

evaluation

Question 23

“a tentative statement about empirical reality involving the relationship between 2 or more variables”?

Answer 23

hypothesis

Question 24

“characteristics or properties that can vary”?

Answer 24

variable

Question 25

“a variable that has a fixed value in a given situation; a characteristics or value that does not change”?

Answer 25

constant

Question 26

What is the difference between an independent variable and a dependent variable?

Answer 26

independent variable- a variable that is hypothesized to cause, or lead to, variation in another variable

dependent variable- a variable that is hypothesized to change or vary depending on the variation in another variable

Question 27

The motive for inductive research is __________

Answer 27

exploration

Question 28

What is the difference between positive relationship and negative relationship?

Answer 28

positive relationship- the independent and dependent variables move in the same direction; as one increases the other increases

negative relationship- the independent and dependent variables move in opposite directions; as one increases the other decreases

Question 29

What is direction of association?

Answer 29

when the values of variables tend to change consistently in relation to change in the other variable

Question 30

Direction of Association can be ________ or ________.

Answer 30

positive

negative

Question 31

What are empirical generalization?

Answer 31

statements that describe patterns found in data

Question 32

A hypothesis makes a _________ about the relationship between different variables.

Answer 32

prediction

Question 33

A hypothesis makes a prediction about the __________ between different variables.

Answer 33

relationship

Question 34

A hypothesis makes a prediction about the relationship between different __________.

Answer 34

variables

Question 35

Variables are composed of different ______.

Answer 35

levels

Question 36

What is a Level (Attribute)?

Answer 36

Any characteristic or quality that describes an object

Question 37

Gender, Judicial Sentence, Religion, and Race are examples of _____(________)

Answer 37

level (attribute)