Chapter 1 pg. 1-8/ Lecture Video #2/3

Question 1

___% of U.S. citizens use tv and newspaper for news

Answer 1

95%

Question 2

What are some of the things that cause youth violence?

Answer 2

(1) availability of guns
(2) lack of guns in school for (3) protection
(4) use of weapons in media
(5) moral decay
(6) poor parenting
(7) unaware teachers
(8) school and class size
(9) racial prejudice
(10) the internet
(11) teenage alienation
(12) anti-semitism
(13) bad music

Question 3

What are “everyday errors”?

Answer 3

errors that occur frequently in nonscientific, unreflective discourse about the social world

Question 4

What are the 4 general errors in everyday reasoning?

Answer 4

(1) overgeneralization
(2. 1) selective observation
(2. 2) inaccurate observation
(3) illogical reasoning
(4) resistance to change

Question 5

Which error of everyday reasoning is this:
an error in reasoning that occurs when we conclude that what we have observed or know to be true for a subset of cases holds true for the entire set

Answer 5

overgeneralization

Question 6

Which error of everyday reasoning is this:

observations chosen because they are in accord with preferences or beliefs of the observer

Answer 6

selective observation

Question 7

Which error of everyday reasoning is this:

observations based on faulty perceptions of empirical reality

Answer 7

inaccurate observation

Question 8

Which error of everyday reasoning is this:

prematurely jumping to conclusions and arguing on the basis of invalid assumptions

Answer 8

illogical reasoning

Question 9

Which error of everyday reasoning is this:
reluctance to change ideas in light of new info, due to ego-based commitments, excessive devotion to tradition, or uncritical agreement with authorities

Answer 9

resistance to change

Question 10

Which error of everyday reasoning is this:

acknowledging instances that confirm our predispositions

Answer 10

selective observation

Question 11

Which error of everyday reasoning is this:

fight or flight response

Answer 11

selective observation

Question 12

What are the reasons for resistance to change?

Answer 12

(1) ego-based commitments
(2) excessive devotion to tradition
(3) uncritical agreement with authority

Question 13

_________ responses to eternal stimuli travel a shorter circuit in the brain than ________ responses

Answer 13

emotional

reasoned

Question 14

emotional responses to eternal stimuli travel a ________ circuit in the brain than reasoned responses

Answer 14

shorter

Question 15

The cycle of emotional hijacking:

(1) ________
(2) thalamus
(3) visual cortex
(4) amygdala
(5) fight or flight

Answer 15

eyesight

Question 16

The cycle of emotional hijacking:

(1) eyesight
(2) ________
(3) visual cortex
(4) amygdala
(5) fight or flight

Answer 16

thalamus

Question 17

The cycle of emotional hijacking:

(1) eyesight
(2) thalamus
(3) _______ ______
(4) amygdala
(5) fight or flight

Answer 17

visual cortex

Question 18

The cycle of emotional hijacking:

(1) eyesight
(2) thalamus
(3) visual cortex
(4) ________
(5) fight or flight

Answer 18

amygdala

Question 19

The cycle of emotional hijacking:

(1) eyesight
(2) thalamus
(3) visual cortex
(4) amygdala
(5) ____ __ _____

Answer 19

fight or flight

Question 20

What happens during fight or flight?

Answer 20

heart rate and blood pressure increase, large muscles prepare for quick action

Question 21

Is this science or social science:

the use of scientific methods to investigate individuals, societies, and social processes

Answer 21

social science

Question 22

Is this science or social science:

including questions related to criminology and criminal justice

Answer 22

social science

Question 23

Is this science or social science:

the knowledge produced by these investigations

Answer 23

social science

Question 24

Is this science or social science:

a set of logical, systematic, documents methods for investigating nature and natural processes

Answer 24

science

Question 25

Is this science or social science:

the knowledge produced by these investigations

Answer 25

science

Question 26

social science research methods can reduce the likelihood of ______________ by using systematic procedures for selecting individuals or groups to study that are representative of the individuals or groups that we wish to generalize

Answer 26

overgeneralization

Question 27

What is the difference between epistemology and phrenology?

Answer 27

epistemology- a branch of philosophy that studies how knowledge is gained or acquired

phrenology- a now defunct field of study, once considered a science in the 19th century, that held that bumps and fissures of the skull determined the character and personality of a person

Question 28

Epistemology’s techniques can be ___________.

Answer 28

transparent

Question 29

An important feature of the scientific method that requires procedures, methods, and data analyses of any study to be presented clearly for the purposes of replication?

Answer 29

transparent

Question 30

transparency relies on _____ _______

Answer 30

peer review

Question 31

A process in which a journal editor sends a submitted article to 2 or 3 experts who judge whether the paper should be accepted, revised, and resubmitted or rejected; the experts also provide comments to explain their decision and guide any revisions?

Answer 31

peer review

Question 32

Dubious but fascinating claims that are routed as “scientifically proven” and bolstered by fervent, public testimonials of believers who have experienced firsthand or have claimed to have witnessed the phenomenon; however, such evidence is not based on the principles of the scientific method?

Answer 32

pseudoscience

Question 33

What is the difference between agreement and experiential realities?

Answer 33

Agreement Realities - Things you know because you have been told they are true.

Experiential Realities - Things you know as a result of direct experience.

Question 34

What do agreement realities develop from?

Answer 34

1. Tradition (tenacity)

2. Authority

Question 35

What is Tradition (tenacity)?

Answer 35

Acceptance of a belief because we have always known it to be this way.

Question 36

What is Authority?

Answer 36

Acceptance of a new idea because an authority figure tells it to us.

Question 37

Why might it be an advantage to listen to an authority?

Answer 37

the authority usually has specialized knowledge

Question 38

What do experiential realities develop from?

Answer 38

1. Personal (naive) Inquiry

2. Scientific Inquiry

Question 39

What is Personal (naive) Inquiry?

Answer 39

Everyday experiences in the world

Question 40

What is Scientific Inquiry?

Answer 40

Using formal research methods to understand the world

Question 41

What is illogical reasoning?

Answer 41

Ignoring objective evidence and relying on non-rational thought.

Question 42

What is ex-post facto hypothesizing?

Answer 42

Coming up with explanations for events after their outcomes are known.

Question 43

What is the solution to inaccurate observation?

Answer 43

Make observations a conscious process

Question 44

What is the solution to selective observation?

Answer 44

Collect data from a wide variety of respondents

Question 45

What is the solution to overgeneralization?

Answer 45

Use large sample and Replicate study

Question 46

What is the solution to illogical reasoning?

Answer 46

Follow rules of logic to establish causation.

Question 47

What is the solution to ex-post facto hypothesizing?

Answer 47

Test ex-post facto explanations in follow-up studies.

Question 48

What are the solutions to resistance to change?

Answer 48

Embrace new ideas.

Avoid having an unquestioned agreement with authority (i.e., use peer review).