Chapter 2 pt. 1 Flashcards
What is replication?
the ability of an entire study or experiment to be duplicated
“a question about some aspect of crime, criminals, or the criminal justice system, the answer to which is sought through collection and analysis of the firsthand, verifiable, empirical data”?
criminological research question
True or False: forming a criminological research question can be incredibly difficult
True
The primary source of research questions for many researchers is _______
theory
Some research questions adopt a very ________ ________ concerning their research design
pragmatic rationale
Another source of research questions are the ___________ of others
experiences
Research questions should be ________, _______ ________, and ___________ ________
feasible
socially important
scientifically relevant
What are referred journals?
journals that select research papers for publication based on the peer reviews of other social scientists
What are the methods for searching literature?
(1) specify your research question
(2) identify appropriate bibliographic databases to search
(3) create a tentative list of search terms
(4) narrow your search
(5) use boolean search logic
(6) use appropriate subject descriptors
(7) check the results
(8) locate the articles
Effective ________ of _____ ________ is an essential step in building the foundation of new research
review
prior research
True or False: only the researcher can decide what is truly relevant to their research question
True
What is the 2 stage process of reviewing literature?
(1) you must assess each article separately
(2) assess the implications of the entire set of articles for the relevant aspects of your research question and procedures, and then to write an integrated review that highlights these implications
The integrated literature review should accomplish what 3 goals?
(1) summarize prior research
(2) critique prior research
(3) present pertinent conclusions
What is a theory?
a logically interrelated set of propositions about empirical reality
What are 4 things theories help us do?
(1) help us make predictions about the criminological world
(2) help us organize and make sense of empirical findings in a discipline
(3) help guide future research
(4) help guide public policy
Theories contain _________ _________
theoretical constructs
What are theoretical constructs?
parts of a theory that describe what is important to look at to understand, explain, predict, and “do something about” the subject
theories usually link one or more theoretical constructs to others in what are called ____________ __________
relationship statements
True or False: social theories provide the answers to research questions
False; social theories do not provide the answers to research questions
Social Theories suggest testable hypotheses about _________
phenomena
Social Theories suggest testable _________ about phenomena
hypotheses
Theories must be _________
falsifiable
What does falsifiable mean?
testable
Who created the falsification approach to science?
Karl Popper
Science should be concerned with disproving theories using ___________.
observation
True or False: Not all Scientific theories are testable.
False; Scientific theories must be testable.
Is this deterrence theory or labeling theory:
presumes that human beings are at least marginally rational beings who are responsive to the expected costs and benefits of their actions
Deterrence Theory
Is this deterrence theory or labeling theory:
expects punishment to inhibit crime in 2 ways
Deterrence Theory
Is this deterrence theory or labeling theory:
those who are punished serve as examples
Deterrence Theory
Is this deterrence theory or labeling theory:
leads to the prediction that arresting spouse abusers will reduce the likelihood of their reoffending when compared with a less serious sanction
Deterrence Theory
Is this deterrence theory or labeling theory:
reflects the assumptions of rational choice theory
Deterrence Theory
Is this deterrence theory or labeling theory:
distinguishes between primary deviance and secondary deviance
Labeling Theory
Is this deterrence theory or labeling theory:
once someone is labeled they get treated differently and start committing crime
Labeling Theory
Is this deterrence theory or labeling theory:
reverse of deterrence theory when it comes to punishment
Labeling Theory
Is this deterrence theory or labeling theory:
rooted in symbolic interactionism
Labeling Theory
What is the difference between primary deviance and secondary deviance?
primary deviance- the acts of individuals that leads to public sanctions
secondary deviance- the deviance that occurs in response to public sanctions
