Chapter 2 pt. 1

Question 1

What is replication?

Answer 1

the ability of an entire study or experiment to be duplicated

Question 2

“a question about some aspect of crime, criminals, or the criminal justice system, the answer to which is sought through collection and analysis of the firsthand, verifiable, empirical data”?

Answer 2

criminological research question

Question 3

True or False: forming a criminological research question can be incredibly difficult

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The primary source of research questions for many researchers is _______

Answer 4

theory

Question 5

Some research questions adopt a very ________ ________ concerning their research design

Answer 5

pragmatic rationale

Question 6

Another source of research questions are the ___________ of others

Answer 6

experiences

Question 7

Research questions should be ________, _______ ________, and ___________ ________

Answer 7

feasible
socially important
scientifically relevant

Question 8

What are referred journals?

Answer 8

journals that select research papers for publication based on the peer reviews of other social scientists

Question 9

What are the methods for searching literature?

Answer 9

(1) specify your research question
(2) identify appropriate bibliographic databases to search
(3) create a tentative list of search terms
(4) narrow your search
(5) use boolean search logic
(6) use appropriate subject descriptors
(7) check the results
(8) locate the articles

Question 10

Effective ________ of _____ ________ is an essential step in building the foundation of new research

Answer 10

review

prior research

Question 11

True or False: only the researcher can decide what is truly relevant to their research question

Answer 11

True

Question 12

What is the 2 stage process of reviewing literature?

Answer 12

(1) you must assess each article separately
(2) assess the implications of the entire set of articles for the relevant aspects of your research question and procedures, and then to write an integrated review that highlights these implications

Question 13

The integrated literature review should accomplish what 3 goals?

Answer 13

(1) summarize prior research
(2) critique prior research
(3) present pertinent conclusions

Question 14

What is a theory?

Answer 14

a logically interrelated set of propositions about empirical reality

Question 15

What are 4 things theories help us do?

Answer 15

(1) help us make predictions about the criminological world
(2) help us organize and make sense of empirical findings in a discipline
(3) help guide future research
(4) help guide public policy

Question 16

Theories contain _________ _________

Answer 16

theoretical constructs

Question 17

What are theoretical constructs?

Answer 17

parts of a theory that describe what is important to look at to understand, explain, predict, and “do something about” the subject

Question 18

theories usually link one or more theoretical constructs to others in what are called ____________ __________

Answer 18

relationship statements

Question 19

True or False: social theories provide the answers to research questions

Answer 19

False; social theories do not provide the answers to research questions

Question 20

Social Theories suggest testable hypotheses about _________

Answer 20

phenomena

Question 21

Social Theories suggest testable _________ about phenomena

Answer 21

hypotheses

Question 22

Theories must be _________

Answer 22

falsifiable

Question 23

What does falsifiable mean?

Answer 23

testable

Question 24

Who created the falsification approach to science?

Answer 24

Karl Popper

Question 25

Science should be concerned with disproving theories using ___________.

Answer 25

observation

Question 26

True or False: Not all Scientific theories are testable.

Answer 26

False; Scientific theories must be testable.

Question 27

Is this deterrence theory or labeling theory:
presumes that human beings are at least marginally rational beings who are responsive to the expected costs and benefits of their actions

Answer 27

Deterrence Theory

Question 28

Is this deterrence theory or labeling theory:

expects punishment to inhibit crime in 2 ways

Answer 28

Deterrence Theory

Question 29

Is this deterrence theory or labeling theory:

those who are punished serve as examples

Answer 29

Deterrence Theory

Question 30

Is this deterrence theory or labeling theory:
leads to the prediction that arresting spouse abusers will reduce the likelihood of their reoffending when compared with a less serious sanction

Answer 30

Deterrence Theory

Question 31

Is this deterrence theory or labeling theory:

reflects the assumptions of rational choice theory

Answer 31

Deterrence Theory

Question 32

Is this deterrence theory or labeling theory:

distinguishes between primary deviance and secondary deviance

Answer 32

Labeling Theory

Question 33

Is this deterrence theory or labeling theory:

once someone is labeled they get treated differently and start committing crime

Answer 33

Labeling Theory

Question 34

Is this deterrence theory or labeling theory:

reverse of deterrence theory when it comes to punishment

Answer 34

Labeling Theory

Question 35

Is this deterrence theory or labeling theory:

rooted in symbolic interactionism

Answer 35

Labeling Theory

Question 36

What is the difference between primary deviance and secondary deviance?

Answer 36

primary deviance- the acts of individuals that leads to public sanctions

secondary deviance- the deviance that occurs in response to public sanctions