Chapter 2: Perception

Question 1

These are experiences resulting from stimulation of the senses.

Answer 1

Perception.

Question 2

This is a conscious outcome of sense organs and projection regions.

Answer 2

Sensation.

Question 3

The means by which information is acquired from the environment via the senses is transformed (organized) into conscious experience of objects, events, sounds, tastes, etc.

Answer 3

Perception.

Question 4

It is a mental representation of a stimulus that is perceived.

Answer 4

Percept.

Question 5

This refers to the fact that perceptions are built from sensory input.

Answer 5

Bottom-up processing.

Question 6

This refers to how we interpret sensations influenced by our available knowledge, our experiences, and our thoughts.

Answer 6

Top-down processing.

Question 7

Sensation is a ________ process.

Answer 7

Physical.

Question 8

Perception is a _____________ process.

Answer 8

Psychological.

Question 9

This refers to the phenomenon wherein we don’t perceive stimuli that remain relatively constant over prolonged period of time.

Answer 9

Sensory adaptation.

Question 10

The ability to identify a stimulus when it is embedded in a distracting background.

Answer 10

Signal detection theory.

Question 11

Four (4) bottom-up theories.

Answer 11

1. Direct perception
2. Template theories
3. Feature theories
4. Recognition-by-components theory

Question 12

The theory that says that the information in our sensory receptors, including the sensory context, is all we need to perceive anything.

Answer 12

Direct perception (Direct perception theory).

Question 13

These theories suggest that we have stored in our mind myriad sets of templates.

Answer 13

Template theories.

Question 14

These are highly detailed models for patterns we potentially might recognize.

Answer 14

Templates.

Question 15

The four (4) kinds of “demons” in Oliver Selfridge’s Pandemonium Model.

Answer 15

1. Image demons
2. Feature demons
3. Cognitive demons
4. Decision demons

Question 16

He proposed the Recognition-by-Components theory.

Answer 16

Irving Biederman.

Question 17

The constructs in the Recognition-by-Components theory that can be decomposed and recomposed into alternative arrangements.

Answer 17

Geons.

Question 18

The absorption of physical energy by receptors.

Answer 18

Reception.

Question 19

The translation of physical energy into electrochemical activity.

Answer 19

Transduction.

Question 20

The relationship between aspects of the physical stimulus and resultant nervous system activity.

Answer 20

Coding.

Question 21

A curved, transparent structure that serves to provide additional focus.

Answer 21

Lens.

Question 22

The light-sensitive lining of the eyes.

Answer 22

Retina.

Question 23

They provide tremendous spatial resolution and are also directly involved in our ability to perceive color. Works best in light.

Answer 23

Cones.

Question 24

These are specialized photoreceptors that work well in low light conditions.

Answer 24

Rods.

Question 25

This is the transparent covering over the eye.

Answer 25

Cornea.

Question 26

The range of the visible spectrum in humans.

Answer 26

380 to 740 nanometers (380-740nm).

Question 27

This occurs when our perception of an object remains the same even when our proximal sensation of the distal object changes.

Answer 27

Perceptual constancy.

Question 28

This is the perception that an object maintains the same size despite changes in the size of the proximal stimulus.

Answer 28

Size constancy.

Question 29

This is the perception that an object maintains the same shape despite changes in the shape of the proximal stimulus.

Answer 29

Shape constancy.

Question 30

This is the distance from a surface, usually using your own body as a reference surface.

Answer 30

Depth.

Question 31

These can be represented in just two dimensions and observed with just one eye.

Answer 31

Monocular depth cues.

Question 32

This is based on the receipt of sensory information in three dimensions from both eyes.

Answer 32

Binocular depth cues.

Question 33

The term used to refer to how the eye combines two images being viewed by individual eyes.

Answer 33

Stereoscopic vision.

Question 34

It it used to refer to the tendency of people to segment the visual world into figure and ground.

Answer 34

Figure-ground relationship.

Question 35

A Gestalt principle for organizing sensory stimuli into meaningful perception.

Answer 35

Proximity.

Question 36

It means to group things in our visual fields.

Answer 36

Similarity.

Question 37

This suggests that we are more likely to perceive continuous, smooth-flowing lines rather than jagged, broken lines.

Answer 37

Law of continuity.

Question 38

This states that we organize our perceptions into complete objects rather than as a series of parts.

Answer 38

Principle of closure.

Question 39

A general term for the condition in which people have trouble to perceive sensory information.

Answer 39

Agnosia.

Question 40

A condition in which an individual is unable to pay attention to more than one object at a time.

Answer 40

Simultagnosia.

Question 41

A condition also known as "face-blindness."

Answer 41

Prosopagnosia.

Question 42

A condition in which an individual has no color vision at all.

Answer 42

Rod monochromacy / Achromacy.

Question 43

A condition in which only two of the mechanisms for color perception work, and one is malfunctioning.

Answer 43

Dichromacy.

Question 44

A condition in which one has trouble seeing greens.

Answer 44

Deuteranopia.

Question 45

A condition in which one confuses blues and greens, but yellows also seem to disappear or to appear as light shades of reds.

Answer 45

Tritanopia.