chapter 2 Part 3 Flashcards
most abundant and important organic molecule, contains basic elements, and basic building blocks
proteins
four basic elements
carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N)
20 amino acids are known as
basic building blocks
central carbon atom, hydrogen atom, amino group (-NH_2), carboxyl group (-COOH), variable side chain or R group
five components of amino acid structure
_____ have long chains/made up of amino acids
proteins
requires hydration synthesis, uses amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid
peptide bond
a molecule under a peptide bond is called a
peptide
three or more peptides hooked together
polypeptide
protein shape (4)
primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure
linear chain of amino acids along a polypeptide
primary structure
hydrogen bonds form spirals or pleats
secondary structure
secondary structure folds into a unique shape
tertiary structure
final protein shape, several tertiary structures together
quaternary structure
proteins which are structured into sheets or strands
fibrous proteins
a protein’s shape determines its
function
soluble spheres with active functions
globular proteins
shape of a protein is based on
sequence of amino acids
enzymes are proteins, enzymes are
catalysts (speed up change in chemical reactions)
enzymes lower the
activation energy of a chemical reaction
enzymes are not changed or used up
in a chemical reaction
enzymes exhibit… (3)
specificity, saturation limits, and regulation
organic protein molecules which are found in the nucleus (store and process genetic information)
nucleic acids
determines inherited characteristics, directs protein synthesis, controls enzyme production, controls metabolism
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
controls intermediate steps in protein synthesis
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
structure of nucleic acids are strings/made up of
nucleotides
nucleotides are the building block of
DNA and RNA
three molecular parts of a nucleotide
a pentose sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), phosphate group, nitrogenous base (A, G, T, C, or U)
purine (nitrogenous base, 2)
adenine, guanine
pyrimidines (nitrogenous base, 3)
cytosine, thymine (DNA only), uracil (RNA only)
the nitrogenous base adenine pairs with ______ in DNA
thymine
the nitrogenous base adenine pairs with _______ in RNA
uracil
the nitrogenous base cytosine pairs with
guanine
purines have __ rings (very nitrogenous)
2
pyrimidines have __ ring(s)
1
nucleotides can be used to store
energy
type of energy stored in nucleotide
ADP (adenosine diphosphate), ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Parts that make up ATP/ADP
A (adenine) + ribose + two/three phosphate groups (di- = 2, tri- = 3)
phosphorylation
adding a phosphate to ADP to make ATP (stores energy within the bond)
adenosine triphosphate is used by our cells
to make energy (once bond is released ATP –> ADP)
enzyme (catalyst) used to break ATP bond
ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase)
