Chapter 2 : Normal swallowing in adults

Question 1

Pneumonie d’aspiration, c’est quoi?

Answer 1

Quand des particles pénétrent dans le trachée et ils peuvent se rendre dans les poumons

Question 2

C’est quoi les chances de developer une pneumonie d’aspiration?

Answer 2

25% des personnes qui aspirent vont développer une pneumonie d’aspiration

Question 3

Les caractéristiques suivantes sont en lien avec quel étape de la déglutition?

Rétention buccale
Mastication
insalivation
Contention des aliments dans la cavité buccale

Answer 3

Temps préparatoire

Question 4

Les caractéristiques suivantes sont en lien avec quelle étape de la déglutition?

Pression sur le bol pour transport
Propulsion postérieur quasi-péristaltique
Arrivée du bolus à l’arc antérieur de la loge palatine (muscle palatoglosse/pilliers postérieurs)

Answer 4

Transport oral

Question 5

Les caractéristiques suivantes sont en lien avec quelle étape de la déglutition ?

Pression continue vers le pharynx
Raccourcissement longitudinal et horizontal des muscles constricteurs du pharynx
Vague de péristaltisme crânio-caudale

Answer 5

Temps pharyngien

Question 6

Quelle est la durée du temps pharyngien ?

Answer 6

une seconde

Question 7

Les caractéristiques suivantes sont en lien avec quelle étape de la déglutition ?

Mécanismes protecteurs des voies aériennes
Inhibition des centres respiratoires (nerf supérieur laryngé)
L’occlusion glottique à trois niveaux
L’ascension laryngée supérieur et antérieur
Bascule de l’épiglotte sur les cartilages aryténoïdes

Answer 7

Temps pharyngien

Question 8

Si tu dois avaler plusieurs fois pour faire passer le bolus (exemple quand tu avale le beurre d’arachide), le problème se trouve à quel niveau?

Answer 8

Le temps pharyngien

Question 9

Quel est le rôle du larynx?

Answer 9

Protéger les voies respiratoires

Question 10

Vrai ou faux : on est en apnée quand on avale

Answer 10

Quand on avale, on arrête de respirer pendant une fraction de seconde

Question 11

Un problème à quel niveau est plus probable de créer une aspiration.

Answer 11

Des problèmes dans le temps pharyngien

Question 12

Vrai ou Faux : le temps oesophagien est dans le champs de compétence de l’orthophoniste

Answer 12

Faux

Question 13

Swallowing may be divided into three phases. Name them.

Answer 13

preparatory, transfer, and transport phases

Question 14

Anatomically, swallowing has been divided into three phases. Name them.

Answer 14

oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal.

Question 15

What happens during the oral preparatory phase?

Answer 15

suckling,
chewing,
masticating;

mixing food with saliva;

formation of a bolus

After the bolus is formed, the tongue creates a cup on its dorsal surface that entraps the bolus between it and the palate.

Question 16

What happens during the transfer phase?

Answer 16

The tip and sides of the tongue contract against the hard palate to progressively squeeze the entrapped bolus.

Simultaneously, the posterior part of the tongue forms a chute that allows the bolus to pass from the isthmus into the oropharynx.

Question 17

What can happen if the tongue is weak or paralyzed ?

Answer 17

the bolus spills over in the oral cavity or into the pharynx. This causes aspiration before the swallow.

Question 18

As the bolus enters the oropharynx, the soft palate lifts up to close off the nasopharynx from the oropharynx. What happens if the nasopharynx is not closed off ?

Answer 18

Nasal regurgitation of the food occurs if the nasopharynx is not closed off.

Question 19

During the pharyngeal phase, the tongue seals the oropharynx. The soft palate and proximal pharyngeal wall seal off the nasopharynx. The vocal cords and arytenoids close off the laryngeal opening and the epiglottis swings down to cover the laryngeal vestibule. These actions seal the airway from the pharyngeal cavity. In addition, the hyoid bone and larynx move in which directions?

Answer 19

superiorly and anteriorly

Question 20

The act of swallowing has voluntary and involuntary components. The preparatory/oral phase is ______-, whereas the pharyngeal and esophageal phases are _____________

Answer 20

The preparatory phase is voluntary. The swallowing phase is involuntary.

Question 21

Eating and swallowing have two crucial biological features. What are they ?

Answer 21

food passage from the oral cavity to stomach and airway protection

Question 22

The swallowing process is commonly divided into oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal stages according to

Answer 22

the location of the bolus

Question 23

True or False : Swallowing is dominant to respiration in normal individuals.

Answer 23

True
Breathing ceases briefly during swallowing, not only because of the physical closure of the airway by elevation of the soft palate and tilting of the epiglottis, but also of neural suppression of respiration in the brainstem.

Question 24

Aspiration can occur :

a) before,
b) during
c) after swallowing
d) all of the above are true

Answer 24

d

Question 25

What happens during the oral

preparatory stage ?

Answer 25

Food is masticated in preparation for transfer;

Question 26

What happens during the oral stage?

Answer 26

the transfer

of material from the mouth to the oropharynx

Question 27

What happens during the pharyngeal stage?

Answer 27

material is transported away from
the oropharynx, around an occluded laryngeal vestibule, and through a relaxed cricopharyngeus muscle into the upper esophagus; and

Question 28

What happens during the espohageal stage

Answer 28

material is transported through the esophagus into the

gastric cardia

Question 29

What is the additional stage of swallowing that precedes the oral stage ?

Answer 29

visual appreciation of the bolus before its placement in the oral cavity may send a cognitive message that may help stimulate saliva during bolus preparation.

Question 30

Why is it important to understand normal physiology in relation to deglutition?

Answer 30

It is important to be able to compare normative data with patient data to determine whether an abnormality exists.

Question 31

Why do older adults have increased, but normal swalllow durations compared with younger adults?

Answer 31

Due to loss of muscle strength (force) and speed in older persons

Question 32

Vrai ou Faux, on respire quand on avale

Answer 32

Faux

Question 33

Vrai ou Faux : La déglutition nécessite une élévation laryngée. Le corps veut avaler pendant la pause expiratoire.

Answer 33

Vrai

Question 34

What is the part of the brain that is responsable for déglutition?

Answer 34

Noyau du tractus solitaire (medulla)

Question 35

True or False humans can chew and swallow at the same time.

Answer 35

False

Question 36

AVC au niveau du tronc cérébrale, what are some complications that would go along with this

Answer 36

Bonne chance que la personne aura la dysphagie sévère. Le tronc cérébrale est le centre de contrôle pour la dysphagie.