Chapter 2 Models of Child Development Flashcards
Dimensional models of psychopathology
Models that emphasize the ways in which typical feelings, thoughts, and behaviors gradually become more serious problems, which then may intensify and become clinically diagnosable disorders.
Categorical models of psychopathology
Models that emphasize discrete and qualitative differences in individual patterns of emotion, cognition, and behavior.
Physiological models
Models of psychopathology that emphasize biological processes, such as genes and neurological systems, as being at the core of human experience; physiological models explain the development of psychopathology, its course, and its treatment in terms of biological factors.
Connectome
The diagram of the brain’s neural connections.
Neural plasticity
The ability of the brain to flexibly respond to physiological and environmental challenges and insults.
Genotype
The genetic make-up of a cell, an organism, or an individual.
Phenotype
The observable characteristics of an individual.
Behavior genetics
The study of the joint effects of genes and environments.
Molecular genetics
Studies of the effects of specific genes at the DNA level.
Genome-wide association studies
Test hundreds of thousands of genetic variants across many genomes to find those statistically associated with a specific trait or disease.
Behavior genetics
The study of the joint effects of genes and environments.
Heritability
The proportion of phenotypic differences among individuals that can be attributed to genetic differences in a particular population.
Gene-by-environment effects
Correlations between genes and environments that involve differential exposure to environments or experiences. There are three types of gene-by-environment effects: passive correlations, active correlations, and evocative correlations.
Epigenetics
The effect of experience and environment on the regulation of gene expression. The resultant changes in gene expression can be transmitted across generations.
Risk alleles
Genetic variants that impair general processes (e.g., cognitive or emotion functions) across many disorders.