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Genetics 3301-01 > Chapter 2: Mitosis and Meiosis > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Mitosis and Meiosis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

viruses DO NOT

A

contain DNA

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2
Q

an organisms DNA and genes are organized into

A

structures called chromosomes

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3
Q

in eukaryotes genetic continuity of genetic material involves

A

mitosis and meiosis

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4
Q

define chromatin

A

uncoiled chromosomes

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5
Q

prokaryotic cells include

A

bacteria and archaea

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6
Q

eukaryotic cells include

A

protists, plants, fungi, animals

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7
Q

what allowed scientists to see the cell in its highly organized structure?

A

electron microscopy

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8
Q

cell components which are directly or indirectly involved with genetic processes are

A

nucleolus

ribosome

centriole

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9
Q

the nucleolus contains

A
  • rRNA synthesized and initially asembled

- nucleolus organizer region (NOR)

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10
Q

the NOR are portions of

A

DNA that encode for rRNA

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11
Q

the smooth ER is the

A

site of lipid synthesis

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12
Q

the rough ER is the site of

A

protein synthesis

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13
Q

centrioles are

A

cytoplasmic bodies found in centrosomes

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14
Q

centrioles organize

A

spindle fibers

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15
Q

spindle fibers are composed of

A

microtubules consisting of tubulin protein

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16
Q

chromosomes exists as _____ _____ in diploid organisms.

A

homologous pairs

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17
Q

a metacentric chromosome has the centromere located in the ______ of the chromosome.

A

middle

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18
Q

a submetacentric chromosome has the centromere located in the ______ of the chromosome.

A

between the middle and the end

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19
Q

a acrocentric chromosome has the centromere located in the ______ of the chromosome.

A

close to the end

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20
Q

a telacentric chromosome has the centromere located in the ______ of the chromosome.

A

at the end

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21
Q

the haploid number is

A

-half of diploid number

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22
Q

the haploid number constitutes

A

genome of species

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23
Q

what is a karyotype?

A

number and visualization of chromosomes in a cell

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24
Q

what is ploidy?

A

the number of sets of homologous chromosomes in the genome of a cell or an organism

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25
Q

homologous chromosomes have identical

A

locus

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26
Q

which type of chromosomes are not always homologous?

A

sex-determining chromosomes

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27
Q

what is karyokinesis?

A

genetic material evenly divided into two nuclei

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28
Q

what is cytokinesis?

A

cytoplasmic division

29
Q

the cell cycle is composed of

A

interphase and mitosis

30
Q

interphase is composed of

A

G1, S, G2

31
Q

S phase occurs in

A

nucleus where DNA is duplicated

32
Q

G1 and G2 occurs in

A

cytoplasm

33
Q

G0 phase is a point where

A

cells withdraw from cell cycle and enter a non-dividing but metabolically active state

(happens in G1)

34
Q

most of the cell cycle is in

A

interphase

35
Q

the average human completes the cell cycle in

A

about 16 hours

36
Q

what are the discrete stages of mitosis

A 
prophase 
prometaphase
metaphase 
anaphase
telophase
37
Q

describe what happens during prophase

A

chromosomes coil up and condense; centrioles divide and move apart

38
Q

describe what happens during prometaphase

A

chromosomes move to metaphase plate of cell due to spindle fibers bonding to kinetochores and moving the chromosomes

39
Q

what is cohesion?

A

a protein complex that holds sister chromatids together

40
Q

what enzyme degrades cohesion?

A

separase

41
Q

what is shugoshin?

A

“guardian spirit” that protects cohesion at the centromere while chromosomes are lining up on the metaphase plate

42
Q

describe what happens during metaphase

A

centromeres of chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate

43
Q

describe what happens during anaphase

A

disjunction occurs; chromosomes migrate to opposite poles

44
Q

what are the 3 things that need to happen for disjunction to be successful?

A
  1. shugoshin is degraded
  2. cohesion is cleaved
  3. sister chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cells
45
Q

describe what happens during telophase

A
  • chromosomes uncoil
  • nuclear envelope reforms
  • spindle fibers disappear
  • nucleolus reforms
46
Q

division of the cytoplasm is known as

A

cytokinesis

47
Q

what do kinases serve as?

A

“master control” molecules

48
Q

what binds with kinases?

A

cyclins

49
Q

what two proteins activate cellular activity

A

kinases and cyclin

50
Q

the 3 major checkpoints are checked by? where do these checkpoints occur?

A
  • master control molecules (kinases)

- G1, G2, M

51
Q

meiosis maintains

A

genetic continuity from gen. to gen.

52
Q

meiosis gives rise to genetic variation by

A

crossing over

independent assortment

53
Q

meiosis I is known as the

A

reductional division

54
Q

meiosis II is known as the

A

equational division

55
Q

where does crossing over occur?

A

chiasma (prophase I)

56
Q

what is terminalisation?

A

when centromeres attach to spindles and nuclear envelope breaks down

57
Q

disjunction is when

A

half of each tetrad is randomly pulled to opposite poles

58
Q

spermatogenesis begins with

A

spermatogonium germ cell

59
Q

the spermatogonium becomes

A

primary spermatocyte

60
Q

primary spermatocyte undergoes mitotic division and produces

A

haploid secondary spermatocytes

61
Q

secondary spermatocytes undergo

A

meiosis II

62
Q

oogenesis begins with

A

oogonium

63
Q

the oogonium enlarges and becomes the

A

primary oocyte

64
Q

what are the two characteristics to the meiotic division that produce daughter cells during oogenesis?

A
  • receive equal amounts of genetic material

- do NOT receive equal amounts of cytoplasm

65
Q

what receives the bulk of cytoplasm?

A

the secondary oocyte

66
Q

what is a polar body?

A

cell with little to no cytoplasm

67
Q

secondary oocyte undergoes secondary division and produces

A

an ootid and a 2nd polar body

68
Q

secondary division is completed

A

after fertilization

69
Q

human chromosome 1 is made up of how many nucleotides and genes?

A

-about 250 million nucleotides

2,000 genes

Genetics 3301-01 (12 decks)

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