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Genetics 3301-01 > Chapter 1: Intro to Genetics > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Intro to Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is genetics?

A

the branch of biology focused on the study of genes genetic variation and heredity

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2
Q

what is a gene?

A

a physical and functional unit of heredity

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3
Q

what is genetic variation?

A

diversity of gene frequencies

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4
Q

what is heredity?

A

the passing of characteristics from one generation to the next

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5
Q

domestication of plants and animals happened between…

A

8000-1000 B.C.

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6
Q

the dawn of modern biology happened between…

A

1600-1850

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7
Q

What is preformationism?

A

the theory that organisms develop from miniature versions of themselves

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8
Q

the theory of epigenesis states that…

A

an organism develops from fertilized egg through developmental events, transforming egg into adult

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9
Q

the cell theory states that…

A

all organisms are composed of cells derived from preexisting cells

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10
Q

Gregor Mendel’s paper showed that

A

traits can be passed from one generation to the next

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11
Q

the human diploid number is

A

46 (2n=46)

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12
Q

who formulated the chromosomal theory of inheritance?

A

walter sutton and theodor boveri

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13
Q

what are alleles?

A

alternate forms of a gene

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14
Q

what are mutations?

A

variations in genes/alleles of DNA sequences

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15
Q

what is a genotype?

A

a set of alleles for given trait

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16
Q

what is a phenotype?

A

expression of genotype; produces an observable trait

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17
Q

what is a drosophila melanogaster? what type of mutation is found in the gene controlling eye color?

A
  • a fruit fly

- mutation which causes a white-eyed fly among normal re-eyed flies

18
Q

what is the chemical nature of genes?

A
  • chromosomes consists of DNA and protein

- only 4 nucleotides but 20 amino acids

19
Q

Who and when was DNA proven to be the carrier of genetic information?

A

Avery, MacLeod, Maclyn, and McCarty in 1944

20
Q

the structure of DNA was described by…

A

Watson and Crick in 1953

21
Q

four differences between RNA and DNA

A
  1. usually single-stranded
  2. contains a ribose sugar
  3. contains uracil instead of thymine
  4. complementary to DNA
22
Q

what is the central dogma of biology?

A

DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into a polypeptide chain

23
Q

what are the largest categories of proteins?

A

enzymes

24
Q

examples of proteins include

A

hemoglobin, insulin, collagen, actin, myosin

25
Q

biochemical or structural properties of proteins play a role in

A

phenotypes

26
Q

mutations do not always alter function bc there are ________ and _______ mutations.

A

synonymous and nonsynonymous

27
Q

sickle-cell anemia is caused by a mutation in what gene?

A

beta globin

28
Q

the mutation in sickle-cell anemia results in a mutant form of

A

hemoglobin

29
Q

what is the protein mutation in sickle-cell anemia?

A

glutamic acid gets changed to valine

30
Q

glutamic acid is

A

small and neutral

31
Q

valine is

A

large and hydrophobic

32
Q

hydrophobic sites in valine cause

A

hemoglobin chains to form

33
Q

what lead to a new era of biotechnology?

A

cloning with recombinant DNA

34
Q

genomics analyzes

A

genome sequences to study the structure, function, and evolution of genes and genomes

35
Q

proteomics identifies

A

the set of proteins present in cells; studies their function and interactions

36
Q

bioinformatics develops

A

the hardware and software for processing nucleotide and protein data

37
Q

describe classical genetics

A

relies on naturally occurring or induced mutations

38
Q

describe reverse genetics

A
  • DNA sequence for gene is known

- role and function is studied using gene knockout method

39
Q

describe gene knockout

A

make target gene nonfunctional and observes outcome

40
Q

Why do genetic studies rely on model organisms?

A
  • easy to grow
  • short life cycle
  • produce many offspring
  • genetic analysis is more straightforward
41
Q

the first human genome came out in ____ and cost _____.

A

2002

$3 billion

Genetics 3301-01 (12 decks)

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