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Genetics 3301-01 > Chapter 15: Eukaryotic Gene Expression > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Eukaryotic Gene Expression Flashcards

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1
Q

what is known as the hallmark of cancer?

A

uncontrolled proliferation

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2
Q

activation and repression of gene expression is a

A

delicate balancing act for an organism

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3
Q

regulation of gene expression in bacteria is linked to

A

metabolic need

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4
Q

in eukaryotes regulation of gene expression has several

A

levels of regulation

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5
Q

what forms chromatin?

A

histone and nonhistone proteins

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6
Q

nucleosomes are

A

repeating DNA-histone complexes

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7
Q

compact chromatin inhibits which processes?

A
  • DNA replication
  • DNA repair
  • transcription
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8
Q

what is known as a space that is occupied by an individual chromosome?

A

discrete domain

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9
Q

what is known as channels between chromosomes that contain little to no DNA?

A

interchromatin compartments

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10
Q

transcriptionally active genes are located…

A

at the edge of chromosome territories next to channels

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11
Q

where is RNA processing machinery found?

A

in the interchromatin compartments

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12
Q

chromosome alterations include…

A
  • chromatin conformation

- histone modification

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13
Q

an example of chromosomal conformations is

A

H2A to H2AZ

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14
Q

examples of histone modifications include

A

-covalent bonding
-acetylation
-

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15
Q

acetylation decreases…

A

the positive charge of histones

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16
Q

Histone acetyltransferase enzymes (HATs)

A
  • catalyze histone acetylation

- are associated with increased transcription

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17
Q

histone deacetylases (HDACs)

A
  • remove acetyl groups from histone tails

- recruited to genes by transcription repressor proteins

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18
Q

examples of chromatin alterations include…

A
  • histone modification
  • DNA methylation
  • chromatin remodeling
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19
Q

chromatin remodeling involves

A

repositioning or removal of nucleosomes on DNA

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20
Q

DNA methylation plays a role in gene expression by

A

repressing gene expression

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21
Q

what are the two types of promoters?

A
  1. focused core promoters

2. dispersed core promoters

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22
Q

list five core promoter elements

A
  1. initiator element
  2. TATA box
  3. TFIIB recognition element (BRE)
  4. motif ten element (MTE)
  5. downstream promoter element (DPE)
23
Q

transcription factors serve to

A

increase or reduce levels of transcription

24
Q

what is an example of a gene that can be regulated due to the interplay of promoters, enhancer elements, and transcription factors?

A

Metallothionein 2A gene (MT2A)

25
Q

MT2A gene product is a

A

protein that binds to heavy metals and protects cells from toxic effects

26
Q

what initiates the formation of the pre-initiation complex (PIC)?

A

IID protein binding to TATA box

27
Q

define coactivators…

A

serve as bridge between activators and GeneralTranscriptionFactors

28
Q

define enhanceosomes…

A

large complexes of activators and coactivators that direct transcription activation

29
Q

exons

A

code for amino acids

30
Q

introns

A

do NOT code for amino acids

31
Q

variants of a protein are known as

A

isoforms

32
Q

what are the 5 different ways pre-mRNAs can be spliced?

A
  1. cassette exons
  2. alternative splice site
  3. intron retention
  4. alternative promoters
  5. alternative polyadenylation
33
Q

what is the most common type of alternative splicing in plants, fungi and single celled eukaryotes?

A

intron retention

34
Q

transcription of what signal terminates transcription?

A

polyadenylation

35
Q

alternative splicing increases…

A

number of proteins made from each gene

36
Q

term that defines when the number of proteins an organism makes exceeds the number of genes in a genome

A

proteome

37
Q

RNA-binding proteins act by

A

binding or hiding splice sites to promote use of alternative sites

38
Q

term used for genetic disorders that are caused by mutations that disrupt RNA splicing

A

spliceopathies

39
Q

what is an example of a spliceopathy?

A

myotonic dystrophy

40
Q

what is known as the total amount of mRNA that a cell has for translation?

A

steady-state level of mRNA

41
Q

exoribonucleases are

A

enzymes that degrade RNA by removal of terminal nucleotides

42
Q

what are the enzymes that degrade the poly-A tail?

A

deadenylase

43
Q

exosome complex destroys mRNA in a

A

3’ to 5’ manner

44
Q

decapping enzymes

A

remove 5’ cap

45
Q

XRN1 exoribonuclease destroys mRNA in a

A

5’ to 3’ manner

46
Q

mRNAs are cleaved internally by

A

endoribonucleases

47
Q

sncRNAs have two subtypes which are

A

siRNAs and miRNAs

48
Q

siRNAs…

A

cleave mRNA

49
Q

miRNAs…

A

inhibit translation

50
Q

RNAi is a mechanism by which

A

ncRNAs guide post-transcriptional silencing

51
Q

kinases are

A

enzymes that catalyze the addition of phosphate groups

52
Q

phosphatases are

A

enzymes that remove phosphates

53
Q

protein degradation regulation is done via

A

ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation

54
Q

proteasome

A

unwinds and removes ubiquitin tags

Genetics 3301-01 (12 decks)

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