Chapter 2 Key Terms

Question 0

Agricultural revolution

Answer 0

The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering

Question 1

Agricultural density

Answer 1

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture

Question 2

Arithmetic density

Answer 2

The total number of people divided by the total land area

Question 3

Census

Answer 3

A complete enumeration (collection of items in order) of a population

Question 4

Crude birth rate

Answer 4

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

Question 5

Crude death rate

Answer 5

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

Question 6

Demographic transition

Answer 6

The process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population

Question 7

Demography

Answer 7

The scientific study of population characteristics

Question 8

Dependency ratio

Answer 8

The number of people under the age of 15 and over the age of 64 compared to the number of people active in labor force

Question 9

Doubling time

Answer 9

The number of years needed to double the population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase

Question 10

Ecumene

Answer 10

The portion of earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

Question 11

Epidemiologic transition

Answer 11

Distinctive causes of death in each stage of demographic transition

Question 12

Epidemiology

Answer 12

Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a special time and are produced by some special causes not generally present in the affected locality

Question 13

Industrial revolution

Answer 13

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods

Question 14

Infant mortality rate

Answer 14

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society

Question 15

Life expectancy

Answer 15

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.

Question 16

Medical revolution

Answer 16

Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives.

Question 17

Natural increase rate

Answer 17

The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate

Question 18

Over population

Answer 18

The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

Question 19

Pandemic

Answer 19

Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area that affects a very high proportion of the population

Question 20

Physiological density

Answer 20

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture

Question 21

Population pyramid

Answer 21

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex

Question 22

Sex ratio

Answer 22

The number of males per 100 females in the population

Question 23

Total fertility rate

Answer 23

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years

Question 24

Zero population growth

Answer 24

A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero