Chapter 2 Key Terms Flashcards
Agricultural revolution
The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering
Agricultural density
The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture
Arithmetic density
The total number of people divided by the total land area
Census
A complete enumeration (collection of items in order) of a population
Crude birth rate
The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
Crude death rate
The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
Demographic transition
The process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population
Demography
The scientific study of population characteristics
Dependency ratio
The number of people under the age of 15 and over the age of 64 compared to the number of people active in labor force
Doubling time
The number of years needed to double the population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase
Ecumene
The portion of earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
Epidemiologic transition
Distinctive causes of death in each stage of demographic transition
Epidemiology
Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a special time and are produced by some special causes not generally present in the affected locality
Industrial revolution
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods
Infant mortality rate
The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society
Life expectancy
The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.
Medical revolution
Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives.
Natural increase rate
The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate
Over population
The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living
Pandemic
Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area that affects a very high proportion of the population
Physiological density
The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture
Population pyramid
A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex
Sex ratio
The number of males per 100 females in the population
Total fertility rate
The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years
Zero population growth
A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero
