Chapter 2 Key Issues Flashcards
overpopulation
of people exceeds the carrying capacity of environment
demography
scientific study of population characteristics
population distribution across earth
asia and europe
humans avoid clustering in…
too dry, too wet, too hot, too cold, etc.
population cartograms
sizes of countries according to population
ecumene
portion of earth occupied by human settlement
density
frequency of something existing in an area
arable land
land suited for agriculture
arithmetic density
(# of objects in area)
total people / total land
physiological density
(# of people per arable land)
total people / arable land
agricultural density
(# of farmers per arable land)
total farmers / arable land
NIR
(population growth in a year)
natural increase rate
doubling time
years needed to double population
CBR
(# of live births/year for every 100 people alive)
crude birth rate
TFR
(# of births in society)
total fertility rate
IMR
(# of infant deaths under age 1 compared w/ total live births)
infant mortality rate
high IMR
(Africa)
bad healthcare
CDR
(# of deaths in year/ 1000 people in society)
crude death rate
demographic transition
change in society’s population
low growth
-high CBR
-high CDR
-low NIR
healthcare in developed
little or no cost
healthcare in developing
pay more than half the cost
maternal mortality rate
annual # of female deaths/ 100,000 live births
sex ratio
of males/ 100 females in population
missing females
babies missing from abortion or being killed in infancy
life expectancy
average # of years individual is expected to live
elderly support ratio
of working age people/ # of elderly
“graying” of population
elderly increase-
more people need to work to support
population pyramid
bar graph that displays % of a place’s population for each age and gender
dependency ratio
of too young or too old to work
epidemiology
branch of medical science concerned w/ incidence, distribution, control
epidemiologic transition
focuses on diffinctive health threats in each stage of demographic transition
epidemic
widespread occurrence of disease in community at particular time
stage 1
perstilence and famine
pandemic
epidemic occurring over widespread
stage 2
receeding pandemics
stage 3
degenerative diseases
stage 4
diagnosed degenerative and lifestyle diseases
demographic transition stage 5
-low CBR
-increasing CDR
-declining NIR
policy in China
one child policy
policy in India
national family planning program
antinatalist policies
policy supporting low birth rate
distributing contraceptives
more cheaply and quickly
evolution in stage 5
antibiotics and genetic engineering contribute to emergence of new viruses
poverty in stage 5
diseases often in poor areas due to unsanitary conditions and treatment too expensive
increased connections in stage 5
people travel, they carry diseases with them and exposed to other diseases
Thomas Malthus
(an essay on the principle of population)
one of first to argue world’s population increase was outrunning development of food supplies
neo-malthusians
frightening future where billions of people are in desperate competition of food, water, and energy
critics of malthus
worldwide, carrying capacity in terms of food production has increased rapidly than Malthus expected
