Chapter 2: Inflammation, Disorder and Wound Healing Flashcards
What is the overall effect of inflammation ?
To allow inflam. cells, plasma protein and fluids to exit blood vessels and go into the interstitial space.
What are the two kinds of inflammation
Acute and Chronic
What two things are always present in acute inflammation ?
Edema and Neutrophils (neutrophils are really the hallmark of acute inflammation)
What two occurrences lead to the presence of acute inflammation ?
Acute infection (figh pathogen) and tissue necrosis (Clear dead tissue)
Toll Like Receptors are found on cells of the innate immune system and are implicit in Acute Inflammation. What is the co-receptor for these and what do they respond to ?
CD14
Respond to PAMPS (Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns)
CD14 specifically responds to LPS (Gram -)
The activation of CD14 and TLR will lead to the activation of which intracellular immune mediator ?
NF-kB (translocates to the nucleus and cause activation of multiple immune mediator genes etc.
Which cells are part of the innate immune system ?
Mast, Macrophages, Neutrophils, Eosinophils
What releases Arachadonic Acid (AA) from the membrane ?
Phospholipase A2
What are the two enzyme systems that act on AA ?
Cyclooxygenase –> PG’s
Lipoxygenase 5 –> LT’s
Which PG’s are responsible for VASODILATION and VASCULAR PERMEABILITY ?
PG D2 ,E2 and I2
PG will make you DIE (mnemonic) due to hypotension and edema.
Where in the vasculature does vasodilation occur ?
Arteriole
Where in the vasculature does vascular permeability occur ?
Post capillary venule
Which prostaglandin is related to production of Pain and Fever (also vasodilation and permeability) ?
PGE2
Feever = E2
Which LT is responsible for neutrophils attraction and activation ?
LTB4
What other molecules besides LTB4 is responsible for neutrophil attraction ?
C5a, IL8 and Bacterial Products.
What do LTC4, D4 and E4 mediate ?
Vasoconstriction, Bronchospasm and Increased Permeability ( post capillary venule).
How do LTC4, D4 and E4 increase vascular permeability despite causing vasoconstriction ?
They cause the vascular pericyte cells to contract. This pulls the epithelial cells apart creating a gap in which vascular fluids can leak out of.
What three things activate Mast Cells ?
Direct Damage to Tissue
C3a and C5a
Crosslinking of antigen with IgE on cell surface
What is the immediate effect occurs due to Mast Cell activation by the three processes listed ?
Release of prestored histamine vesicles
What does Histamine release lead to in the vasculature ?
Vasodilation
Vascular permeability
(Much like PGD,E,I2)
What is the common effector created by the Classical, Alternative and MBL pathways in complement activation ?
C3 Convertase
Explain the components of the Classical Pathway of Complement activation ?
IgG or IgM bind to pathogen.
C1 binds to IgG or IgM on pathogen
Leads to Activation of C3 Convertase
(GM makes Classical Cars, lets go see one (C1))
Explain the components of the Alternative Pathway of Complement activation ?
Microbial products directly activate complement
Leads to C3 Convertase production
Explain the components of the MBL Pathway of Complement activation ?
MBL binds to Mannose moieties on pathogen leading to activation of complement and formation of C3 convertase