Chapter 2: Individual Differences: Personality and Values Flashcards
personality
relatively enduring pattern of thoughts, emotions, and behaviours that characterize a person, along with the psychological processes behind those characteristics
five-factor (Big-five)
five broad dimensions representing most personality traits: consciousness, emotional stability, openness to experience, agreeableness, and extraversion
consciousness
personality dimension describing people who are organized, dependable, goal-focused, thorough, disciplined, methodical and industrious
agreeableness
personality dimension describing people who are trusting, helpful, good-natured, considerate, tolerant, selfless, generous, and flexible
neuroticism
personality dimension describing people who tend to be anxious, insecure, self-conscious, depressed, and temperamental
openness to experience
personality dimension describing people who are imaginative, creative, unconventional, curious, nonconforming, autonomous, and aesthetically perceptive
extraversion
personality dimension describing people who are outgoing, talkative, sociable, and assertive
dark triad
cluster of three sociably undesirable personality traits: Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy
Machiavellianism
personality trait of people who demonstrate a strong motivation to achieve their own goals at the expense of others, who believe that deceit is a natural and acceptable way to achieve their goals, who take pleasure in outwitting and misleading others using crude influence tactics, and who have a cynical disregard for morality
narcissism
personality trait of people with a grandiose, obsessive belief in their superiority and entitlement, a propensity to aggressively engage in attention-seeking behaviors, an intense envy of others, and tendency to exhibit arrogance, callousness, and exploitation of others for personal aggrandizement
psychopathy
personality trait of people who ruthlessly dominate and manipulate others without empathy or any feelings of remorse or anxiety, use superficial charm, yet are social predators who engage in antisocial, impulsive, and often fraudulent thrill-seeking behavior
organisational politics
use of influence tactics for personal gain at the perceived expense of others and the organisation
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
instrument designed to measure the elements of Jungian personality theory, particularly preferences regarding perceiving and judging information
values
relatively stable, evaluative beliefs that guide a person’s preferences for outcomes or courses of action in a variety of situations
moral intensity
degree to which an issue demands the application of ethical principles
moral sensitivity
person’s ability to recognise the presence of an ethical issue and determine its relative importance
mindfulness
person’s receptive and impartial attention to and awareness of the present situation as well as to one’s own thoughts and emotions in that moment
individualism
cross-cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture emphasize independence and personal uniqueness
collectivism
cross-cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture emphasize duty to groups to which they belong and to group harmony
power distance
cross-cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture accept unequal distribution of power in a society
uncertainty avoidance
cross-cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture tolerate ambiguity (low certainty avoidance) or feel threathened by ambiguity and uncertainty (highy uncertainty avoidance)
achievement-nurturing orientation
cross-cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture emphasize competitive versus cooperative relations with other people
