Chapter 2: Individual Differences: Personality and Values

Question 1

personality

Answer 1

relatively enduring pattern of thoughts, emotions, and behaviours that characterize a person, along with the psychological processes behind those characteristics

Question 2

five-factor (Big-five)

Answer 2

five broad dimensions representing most personality traits: consciousness, emotional stability, openness to experience, agreeableness, and extraversion

Question 3

consciousness

Answer 3

personality dimension describing people who are organized, dependable, goal-focused, thorough, disciplined, methodical and industrious

Question 4

agreeableness

Answer 4

personality dimension describing people who are trusting, helpful, good-natured, considerate, tolerant, selfless, generous, and flexible

Question 5

neuroticism

Answer 5

personality dimension describing people who tend to be anxious, insecure, self-conscious, depressed, and temperamental

Question 6

openness to experience

Answer 6

personality dimension describing people who are imaginative, creative, unconventional, curious, nonconforming, autonomous, and aesthetically perceptive

Question 7

extraversion

Answer 7

personality dimension describing people who are outgoing, talkative, sociable, and assertive

Question 8

dark triad

Answer 8

cluster of three sociably undesirable personality traits: Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy

Question 9

Machiavellianism

Answer 9

personality trait of people who demonstrate a strong motivation to achieve their own goals at the expense of others, who believe that deceit is a natural and acceptable way to achieve their goals, who take pleasure in outwitting and misleading others using crude influence tactics, and who have a cynical disregard for morality

Question 10

narcissism

Answer 10

personality trait of people with a grandiose, obsessive belief in their superiority and entitlement, a propensity to aggressively engage in attention-seeking behaviors, an intense envy of others, and tendency to exhibit arrogance, callousness, and exploitation of others for personal aggrandizement

Question 11

psychopathy

Answer 11

personality trait of people who ruthlessly dominate and manipulate others without empathy or any feelings of remorse or anxiety, use superficial charm, yet are social predators who engage in antisocial, impulsive, and often fraudulent thrill-seeking behavior

Question 12

organisational politics

Answer 12

use of influence tactics for personal gain at the perceived expense of others and the organisation

Question 13

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

Answer 13

instrument designed to measure the elements of Jungian personality theory, particularly preferences regarding perceiving and judging information

Question 14

values

Answer 14

relatively stable, evaluative beliefs that guide a person’s preferences for outcomes or courses of action in a variety of situations

Question 15

moral intensity

Answer 15

degree to which an issue demands the application of ethical principles

Question 16

moral sensitivity

Answer 16

person’s ability to recognise the presence of an ethical issue and determine its relative importance

Question 17

mindfulness

Answer 17

person’s receptive and impartial attention to and awareness of the present situation as well as to one’s own thoughts and emotions in that moment

Question 18

individualism

Answer 18

cross-cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture emphasize independence and personal uniqueness

Question 19

collectivism

Answer 19

cross-cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture emphasize duty to groups to which they belong and to group harmony

Question 20

power distance

Answer 20

cross-cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture accept unequal distribution of power in a society

Question 21

uncertainty avoidance

Answer 21

cross-cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture tolerate ambiguity (low certainty avoidance) or feel threathened by ambiguity and uncertainty (highy uncertainty avoidance)

Question 22

achievement-nurturing orientation

Answer 22

cross-cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture emphasize competitive versus cooperative relations with other people