CHAPTER 2 - HEMATOPOIESIS Flashcards by Arriane Cyrel (MTI) | Brainscape

Q

Formation and development of all blood cells

A

HEMATOPOIESIS

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Q

Encompasses the overall interactions of cellular proliferation, differentiation, morphogenesis, functional maturation, and death

A

HEMATOPOIESIS

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Q

Occurs predominantly in the bone marrow (3rd trimester)

A

HEMATOPOIESIS

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Q

TERMINOLOGIES IN BLOOD CELL MATURATION

A

Dyspoiesis
Erythropoiesis
Granulopoiesis (Lymphopoiesis)

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Q

– abnormal production of red blood cells

A

Dyspoiesis

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Q

MODES OF TRANSMISSION

A

Synchronous
Asynchronous

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Q

Concomitant, coordinated, and parallel development of nucleus and cytoplasm (remains constant)

A

Synchronous

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Q

Rate of maturation of nucleus and cytoplasm are the same

A

Synchronous

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Q

Abnormal development of blood cell

A

Asynchronous

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Q

Rate of maturation of nucleus and cytoplasm differs

A

Asynchronous

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Q

Eg. Mature nucleus within an agranular cytoplasm

A

Asynchronous

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Q

STAGES OF HEMATOPOIESIS
Intrauterine formation

A

Mesoblastic/megaloblastic Period
Hepatic Stage
Medullary or Myeloid Stage

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Q

Chief site: YOLK SAC

A

Mesoblastic/megaloblastic Period

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Q

Formation of “blood islands” – progenitor cell (mesodermal cells)

A

Mesoblastic/megaloblastic Period

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Q

Detected 19th to 20th day of gestation (8th to 12th week) – 1st month of fetal development

A

Mesoblastic/megaloblastic Period

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Q

Hemohistioblast → Primitive RBC (nucleated RBC)/”megaloblast of Ehrlich” → Mature RBC

A

Mesoblastic/megaloblastic Period

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Q

Embryonal Hb: Portland, Gower I, Gower II – for fetus

A

Mesoblastic/megaloblastic Period

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Q

Areas of leucopoiesis and megakaryopoiesis

A

Mesoblastic/megaloblastic Period

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Q

Formation of primitive endothelial cells and vascular system

A

Mesoblastic/megaloblastic Period

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Q

Carrier protein: Albumin

A

Mesoblastic/megaloblastic Period

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Q

Chief site: LIVER

A

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Q

Peak of activity: 3rd or 4th month (liver and spleen)

A

Hepatic stage

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Q

Spleen (?)
Thymus and Lymph nodes (?)

A

4th to 7th month
4th month

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Q

HbF (fetal hemoglobin) production

A

Hepatic Stage

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Q

Yolk sac decreases

A

Hepatic Stage

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Q

ADULT contains fetal hemoglobin

A

Hepatic Stage

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Q

Chief site: BONE MARROW (chief site at birth)

A

Medullary or Myeloid Stage

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Q

Peak of activity: 5th month (monocytes) – increases during the last trimester; 9th month (lymphocytes)

A

Medullary or Myeloid Stage

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Q

HbA (adult)

A

Medullary or Myeloid Stage

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Q

Chief site: yolk sac

A

Mesoblastic or Megaloblastic Phase

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Q

This phase starts on the 1st month of fetal life

A

Mesoblastic or Megaloblastic Phase

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Q

first develop within the blood island followed by leukopoiesis & megakaryopoiesis.

A

Primitive RBC (“megaloblast of Ehrlich”)

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Q

Embryonal hemoglobins are synthesized during this phase.

A

Mesoblastic or Megaloblastic Phase

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Q

Chief site: Liver

A

Hepatic Phase

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Q

This phase starts on the 3rd month of fetal life

A

Hepatic Phase

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Q

Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is synthesized during this phase

A

Hepatic Phase

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Q

This starts on the 5th month of fetal life. It increases during the last trimester and remains the chief site at birth.

A

Myeloid / Medullary Phase

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Q

Production of adult hemoglobins (HbA) starts during this phase

A

Myeloid / Medullary Phase

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Q

Control center of the cell

A

Nucleus

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Q

Contains chromatin composed DNA and proteins

A

Nucleus

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Q

Contains nucleoli rich RNA

A

Nucleus

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Q

Contains the organelles

A

Cytoplasm

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Q

organelles

A

Golgi complex
Lysosomes
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic reticulum

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Q

: contains hydrolytic enzymes that participate in phagocytosis

A

Lysosomes

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Q

: site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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Q

: generation of ATP

A

Mitochondria

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Q

: network of tubes for lipid and protein transport

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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Q

Size: Large

A

IMMATURE/BLAST CELL

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Q

Size: Small

A

MATURE CELL

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Q

Nucleoli: Present

A

IMMATURE/BLAST CELL

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Q

Nucleoli: Absent

A

MATURE CELL

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Q

Chromatin: Fine and delicate

A

IMMATURE/BLAST CELL

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Q

Chromatin: Coarse and clumped

A

MATURE CELL

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Q

Nucleus: Round

A

IMMATURE/BLAST CELL

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Q

Nucleus: Round, lobulated, and segmented

A

MATURE CELL

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Q

Cytoplasm:
Basophilic
Rich in RNA
Acidic

A

IMMATURE/BLAST CELL

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Q

Cytoplasm:
Less basophilic
Less RNA
Basic

A

MATURE CELL

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Q

N:C Ratio: Low

A

MATURE CELL

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Q

CONTAINS NO GRANULES

A

BLAST CELLS

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Q

There are four types of granules seen using Wright’s stain:

A

Neutrophilic granules
Eosinophilic granules
Basophilic granules
Azurophilic granules

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Q

Neutrophilic granules =

A

pink to rose violet

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Q

Eosinophilic granules =

A

reddish orange

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Q

Basophilic granules =

A

dark purple to blue-black

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Q

Azurophilic granules =

A

sky blue

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Q

As cells become granular, non-specific granules become [?] except the [?] where there are no differential cytoplasmic granules.

A

less prominent and smaller
megakaryocytic series

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Q

Present in small numbers (constant) in the BM

A

Pluripotent Stem cell (PPSC)

Q

Not morphologically identifiable

A

Pluripotent Stem cell (PPSC)

Q

Has the ability to reproduce and differentiate

A

Pluripotent Stem cell (PPSC)

Q

– forms the cell line for: lymphocytes (B/T cells) in response to cytokines/lymphokines/CSFs/growth factors

A

Lymphoid stem cell

Q

– found in the BM
– leaves the BM (thymus)

A

CFU-BL
CFU-TL

Q

Myeloid stem cell/CFU-GEMM – forms the cell line for: (?) in response to cytokines/lymphokines/CSFs/growth factors

A

granulocyte, erythrocyte, monocyte, megakaryocyte

Q

– most on granulocyte, macrophage, erythrocyte

A

CFU-GM

Q

– eosinophil

A

CFU-Eo

Q

– basophil

A

CFU-Baso

Q

– erythrocyte

A

BFU-E

Q

– megakaryocyte

A

CFU-Meg

Q

– regulate proliferation and differentiation

A

Growth Factors

Q

GM-CSF

A

Erythrocyte, Neutrophil, Monocyte, Megakaryocyte, Eosinophil

Q

G-CSF

A

Neutrophils

Q

M-CSF/CSF-1

A

Monocyte, Macrophage

Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

Erythrocyte

Q

Thrombopoietin (TPO)

A

Thrombocyte

Q

Leukopoietin (LPO)

A

Leukocyte

Q

IL-2

A

T cells, B cells, NK cells

Q

IL-3

A

Multilineage stimulating factor

Q

IL-4

A

T cells, B cells, Mast cells

Q

IL-6

A

B cells, Stem cells

Q

IL-7

A

T cells, Pre-B cells, early granulocytes

Q

IL-11

A

Megakaryocytes

Q

GM-CSF (cytokine)

A

Granulocytes, Macrophages, Fibroblasts, Endothelial cells

Q

EPO

A

Red cell progenitors

Q

stem cell factor or steel factor

A

Kit Ligand (KL)

Q

stimulates myeloid, erythroid, and lymphoid progenitors

A

Kit Ligand (KL)

Q

primitive progenitor cells

A

Fit-3 Ligand (FL)

Q

are surface proteins expressed by specific cell lines at different maturation stages

A

CD markers

Q

As a cell matures, some [?] vanish and new ones appear

A

markers

Q

More then [?] CD markers

A

200

Q

: earliest BM cell

A

CD 34

Q

: erythroid

A

CD 71

Q

: myeloid

A

CD 33

Q

: B-cell

A

CD 10

Q

: T-cell

A

CD 7 / CD 5

Q

RBC

A

EPO
Hypoxia
Pressure exerted by intramarrow growth of cells

Q

WBC

A

Chemotaxis

Q

(occurs in the presence of bacteria or allergy)

A

Chemotaxis

Q

(decreased oxygen)

A

Hypoxia

Q

PLATELET

A

Cytoplasmic shedding (fragmentation)

Q

ERYTHROPOIETIN

A

↓ hemoglobin level in RBCs
↓ O2 in blood
↓ O2 in tissues (hypoxia)
↑ production of erythropoietin ny kidneys

Q

Increases erythroid precursors

A

↓ hemoglobin level in RBCs

Q

Accelerates rate of proliferation and maturation

A

↓ O2 in blood

Q

Accelerates release from the BM to the PB

A

↓ O2 in tissues (hypoxia)

Q

Ratio of granulocytes and their precursors to nucleated erythroid precursors

A

MYELOID : ERYTHROID RATIO

Q

MYELOID : ERYTHROID RATIO
Normal =

A

4 – 3:1

Q

are more numerous because of their short survival (1-2 days) as compared to RBCs with a 120 day life span

A

Granulocytes

Q

ERYTHROID : MYELOID RATIO

A

1 :4 – 3

Q

– bacterial
– viral infection

A

↑ neutrophil
↑ lymphocyte

Q

Production and development of red blood cells

A

ERYTHROPOIESIS

Q

Rate of RBC production directly relates to

A

packed red cell volume

Q

RBCs exist and develop in the BM as

A

erythroblastic islands

Q

Macrophages surrounded by

A

concentric rings of maturing normoblasts

Q

Provides the developing RBCs the iron for

A

hemoglobin synthesis

Q

Involved with phagocytosis of

A

extruded nuclei and senescent red cells

Q

– RBCs that have lived their 120-day life span; removed by the spleen (“culling”)

A

Senescent cells

Q

– removal of inclusions in RBCs by macrophages

A

Pitting

Q

FACTORS AFFECTING RBC PRODUCTION

A

Growth factor
Estrogen
Prostaglandin
Vitamins and minerals
Proteins

Q

stimulation

A

Growth factor

Q

stops erythropoietin prod

A

Estrogen

Q

help regulate EPO production and also enhances its effect on the erythroid progenitor cells

A

Prostaglandin

Q

– regulation, stimulation, and stops erythropoietin prod

A

Prostaglandin

Q

Vitamins and minerals

A

Folic acid, Vitamin b12
Co, Mn, Zn, Vit C, E, B6, Thiamine, Riboflavin, Pantothenic acid
Iron, Copper

Q

CONSEQUENCES OF INCREASED ERYTHROPOIETIN

A

Reticulocytes are prematurely released

Q

In more sever conditions, larger macroreticulocytes are seen

A

(stress reticulocytes)

Q

SUBSTANCES REQUIRED:

A

Iron
Folic acid and Vitamin b12

Q

– hemoglobin synthesis (helps binding to certain protein)

A

Iron

Q

– normal DNA replication and division

A

Folic acid and Vitamin b12

Q

: provides maximum membrane surface area

A

“Biconcave disc”

Q

Facilitates movement of gases

A

ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE

Q

The RBC is deformable as it moves through the

A

microvasculature

Q

ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE
Composed of:

A

Protein – 50%
Lipid – 40%
CHO – 10%

Q

ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE
External surface:

A

Lecithin
Glycolipid
Sphingomyelin

Q

ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE
Internal surface:

A

Cephalin
Phosphatidyl
Inositol
P. serine

Q

The cholesterol content depends upon:

A

Plasma cholesterol level (↑ RBC membrane rigidity)
Bile acids
LCAT activity (lecithin cholesterol aycl transferase)

Q

TWO CLASSES OF PROTEINS

A

Integral
Peripheral

Q

primarily glycophorin A (responsible for the negative charge of the RBC surface)

A

Integral

Q

Inner and outer surface

A

Integral

Q

Carry various antigens

A

Integral

Q

attached to the inner ends of integral protein

A

Peripheral

Q

Spectrin and Actin (create the framework)

A

Peripheral

Q

Maintains biconcave shape

A

Peripheral

Q

– deformability of RBC

A

Actin

Q

(create the framework)

A

Spectrin and Actin

Q

90% of glycolysis is anaerobic

A

Embden Meyerhoff Pathway

Q

10% of glucose molecules undergo the

A

Aerobic Hexose Monophosphate Shunt

Q

Allows production of reduced glutathione

A

Aerobic Hexose Monophosphate Shunt

Q

Prevents oxidative denaturation of hemoglobin

A

Aerobic Hexose Monophosphate Shunt

Q

Maintains iron present in hemoglobin in the reduced state (Fe++) for oxygen transport

A

Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway

Q

Mainly used by the body

A

Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway

Q

Chocolate brown color

A

Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway

Q

Allows the production of 2,3-DPG

A

Rapoport Leubering Pathway

Q

Regulates affinity of hemoglobin with oxygen

A

Rapoport Leubering Pathway

Q

– progenitor cell (mesodermal cells)

A

“blood islands”

Q

(chief site at birth)

A

BONE MARROW

Q

(responsible for the negative charge of the RBC surface)

A

glycophorin A