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Hematology 1 Discussion > CHAPTER 2 - GRANULOPOIESIS > Flashcards

CHAPTER 2 - GRANULOPOIESIS Flashcards

1
Q

→ release of mature granulocytes in the PB

A

(14 days) blast stage

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2
Q

CFU-GM:

A

neutrophils, monocyte

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3
Q

CFU-Eo:

A

eosinophil

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4
Q

CFU-Baso:

A

lymphoid cell or basophils

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5
Q

MYELOBLAST STAINS

A

A. Esterase
B. Peroxidase
C. Sudan B

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6
Q
  • identify myeloid cells and granulocytes
A
  1. Specific
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7
Q
  • identify or test the presence of monoblasts and monocytes
A
  1. Non-specific
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8
Q
  • included w/ primary granules; fights foreign substances (fs) together with azurophilic stain
A
  1. Myeloperoxidase
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9
Q
  • attaches to lipids
A

Sudan B

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10
Q

Life span in the BM: 9 - 10 days

A

Segmented Neutrophils

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11
Q

Approx. 7 hrs in the blood then migrates to the tissues (migration does NOT reverse) - DIAPEDESIS

A

Segmented Neutrophils

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12
Q

Migration - irreversible

A

Segmented Neutrophils

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13
Q

“End-stage cell”

A

Segmented Neutrophils

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14
Q
  • w/o inflammation (macrophage)
A

Apoptosis

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15
Q

BONE MARROW
Mitotic pool (2 - 3 days):
Maturation pool (5 - 7 days):
Storage pool (11 days):

A

Stem cells, Myeloblast, Promyelocyte, Myelocyte
Metamyelocyte, bands, segmenters
Mature neutrophils

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16
Q

CIRCULATION
Marginating pool (50%):
Circulating (50%):
Release of Neutrophils from the BM

A

attached to the blood vessel lining
in the blood

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17
Q

(adhere to the walls of bood vessels; NOT included in the WBC count)

A

50% Neutrophils - marginal pool

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18
Q

Small percentage of bands are normally released along w/

A

mature PMNs

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19
Q

TYPES OF NEUTROPHILIC GRANULES

A
  1. Primary Granules
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20
Q

membrane-bound lysosomes; surface; all are anti-bacterial

A
  1. Primary Granules
  2. Secondary Granules
  3. Tertiary Granules
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21
Q
  1. Primary Granules Contain the ff. enzymes:
A

Acid Phosphatase
Peroxidase (Myeloperoxidase)
Esterase (Specific Esterase)
B-galactosidase
Arylsulfatase
Lysozyme
Sulfated mucosubstance
Other Basic Proteins
B12 Protein
Neuramidase

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22
Q
  1. Secondary Granules Contain the ff. enzymes/substances:
A

Aminopeptidase
Collagenase
Muramidase
Lysozyme
Lactoferrin
ALP - appears at late myelocyte stage
NO PEROXIDASE

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23
Q
  1. Tertiary Granules Contain the ff. enzymes/substances:
A

ALP (alkaline phosphatase)

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24
Q

FUNCTIONS OF SEGMENTED NEUTROPHIL

A

Phagocytosis of foreign material and infectious agents (main function
Defense mechanism against foreign substances
OPSONINS

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25
Q

Phagocytosis is facilitated by means of:

A

CHEMOKINESIS
CHEMOTAXIS

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26
Q
  • random locomotion (invasion of fs) = circulating pool
A

CHEMOKINESIS

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27
Q
  • direct locomotion (release of opsonin that stimulates chemotais) = marginal pool
A

CHEMOTAXIS

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28
Q

possible only if the cell is attached to a surface

A

CHEMOTAXIS

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29
Q

brought about by chemotactic factors

A

CHEMOTAXIS

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30
Q

examples of chemotactic factors:

A

Secretions from transformed lymphocytes and macrophages
Endotoxins and other bacterial products
Release of activated complement (proteins)

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31
Q
  • specific antibodies (Ig-GMA), complement, etc.
A

OPSONINS

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32
Q

enhances phagocytosis and increase chemotaxis by coating foreign particles

A

OPSONINS

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33
Q

allows phagocytes to distinguish foreign materials from damaged cells

A

OPSONINS

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34
Q

PROCESS OF PHAGOCYTOSIS

A
  1. Recognition
  2. Formation of phagosome
  3. Ingestion
  4. Fusion of lysosome and phagosome
  5. Exocytosis
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35
Q
  • chemotactic factors
A
  1. Recognition
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36
Q
  • engulfing of fs
A
  1. Formation of phagosome
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37
Q
  • swallowing
A
  1. Ingestion
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38
Q
  • formation of phagolysosome
A
  1. Fusion of lysosome and phagosome
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39
Q
  • elimination of by products
A
  1. Exocytosis
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40
Q

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF NEUTTROPHILS

A
  1. Neutrophilia
  2. Neutropenia
  3. Motility of the neutrophil
  4. Immune Disorders Related to Neutrophil
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41
Q

absolute increase in the number of neutrophils

A

Neutrophilia

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42
Q

extreme exercise - decreases the proportion of neutrophils in the marginal pool

A

Neutrophilia

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43
Q

certain drugs

A

Neutrophilia

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44
Q

infection increases influx of cells from the storage pool (excess rate of outlflow)

A

Neutrophilia

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45
Q

absolute decrease in the number of neutrophils

A

Neutropenia

46
Q

certain drugs - increase the number of neutrophils that enter the marginal pool

A

Neutropenia

47
Q

severe infection

A

Neutropenia

48
Q

decreased production in the BM from congenital causes, cytotoxic drugs, or aplastic anemia

A

Neutropenia

49
Q

increased loss of WBCs (splenomegaly)

A

Neutropenia

50
Q

inflammation of the spleen
thinner gaps, accumulation of neutrophils outside the spleen

A

splenomegaly

51
Q

Motility of the neutrophil

A

Non-directional
Directional

52
Q
  • zigzag motion
A

Non-directional

53
Q
  • chemotaxis is involved
A

Directional

54
Q

Immune Disorders Related to Neutrophil

A

Lazy Leukocyte Syndrome
Job’s Syndrome

55
Q
  • nonmotile; problem in development; detects foreign maerials
A

Lazy Leukocyte Syndrome

56
Q
  • nonmotile; cannot detect foreign materials
A

Job’s Syndrome

57
Q

Life span: 8 hours half-life in blood-> tissues (6 days)

A

Eosinophil

58
Q

May re-enter circulation

A

Eosinophil

59
Q

Tissue eosinophil 100 X more numerous than total eosinophil in the blood.

A

Eosinophil

60
Q

These tissue eosinophils are found mostly in the

A

skin, nasal membrane, lungs, GIT (migration sites of parasites)

61
Q

FUNCTIONS OF EOSINOPHIL

A

Phagocytosis of parasites such as helminths and round worms
Dampen inflammatory & hypersensitivity responses
Inactivate substances produced by basophils and mast cells/prevent basophil & mast cell
Destroy larval stages of helminths
Stores plasminogen

62
Q

by product: - interference in microscopy

A

Charcot Leyden Crystals

63
Q

: crystals formed after prolonged eosinophilic inflammatory reaction

A

Charcot-Leyden crystals

64
Q
  • related to Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (main cause: fibrosis and released by eosinophils)
A

TNF-a and IL-3,6,8

65
Q

localizes in areas exposed to the external environment (eg. skin, nasal membrane, lungs, GIT)

A

Eosinophil

66
Q

metabolically more active than the neutrophil

A

Eosinophil

67
Q

receptors for complement and IgG are found on fewer cells

A

Eosinophil

68
Q

TYPES OF EOSINOPHILIC GRANULES

A
  1. Large Granules
  2. Small Granules
69
Q

contain a dense, elliptical crystalloid core

A
  1. Large Granules
70
Q

consist of a major basic protein (toxic to helminth parasites and to th body’s tissues)

A
  1. Large Granules
71
Q

anti-bacterial; allergic reactions

A
  1. Small Granules
72
Q
  1. Small Granules
    Contain the ff:
A

Peroxidase
B-glucuronidase
Acid B-glycerophosphatase
Arylsulfatase
Phospholipase
Acid phosphatase
Ribonuclease
Cathepsin

73
Q

Contains [?] - inactivates leukotrienes

A

Arylsulfatase

74
Q

Contains [?] - inactivates platelet-activating factor

A

Phospholipase D

75
Q

Contains [?] - inactivates histamine from mast cells

A

Histamine

76
Q

Neutralize [?] (does not cause clotting) through the action of MBP

A

heparin

77
Q

FUNCTIONS OF BASOPHIL
1. Mediate [?] and immediate [?]
2. Also involved in some [?] (lymphocyte-mediated hypersensitivity)

A
  1. inflammatory (histamine) response; hypersensitivity reaction
  2. delayed hypersensitivity reaction
78
Q

Type I (hay fever)

A

immediate hypersensitivity reaction

79
Q

Type IV (arthus reaction, contact allergy) – signs and symptoms appear after 24 hrs

A

delayed hypersensitivity reaction

80
Q

BT-L involvement

A

delayed hypersensitivity reaction

81
Q

Widely distributed throughout the body (skin, lung tissues: sample, thymus, spleen, and bone marrow) – most abundant

A

Mast Cells

82
Q

Not normally present in PB (migrates in the circulation)

A

Mast Cells

83
Q

Slightly larger than basophils

A

Mast Cells

84
Q

Round or oval nucleus with purple granules (less water-soluble)

A

Mast Cells

85
Q

Non-specific

A

Mast Cells

86
Q

Not counted in cell count

A

Mast Cells

87
Q

Connective tissue cells of mesenchymal origin

A

Mast Cells

88
Q

Not a leukocyte nor a granulocyte

A

Mast Cells

89
Q

Mast Cell Substances

A

Proteolytic enzymes
Serotonin
Histamine and Heparin

90
Q

– lyses proteins and helps in anti-bacterial activities

A

Proteolytic enzymes

91
Q

– most important

A

Histamine and Heparin

92
Q

Mast Cells Function:

A

allergic response and anti-inflammatory

93
Q

Mast Cells Granules:

A

smaller, more numerous, and less water-soluble

94
Q

FUNCTIONS OF BASOPHIL AND MAST CELLS
1. Basophils and mast cells have specific receptors for [?] triggering degranulation with the release of mediators of immediate hypersensitivity
2. Basophils bind with [?] to initiate release of histamine
3. Both functions similarly in [?].
4. Participate in [?] immune reactions.

A

IgE
IgG
inflammatory processes
immediate and delayed hypersensitivity

95
Q

TYPE I HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION

A

Initial Response
Late Phase Reaction

96
Q

Initial Response:

A

Vasodilation
Vascular leakage
Smooth muscle spasm

97
Q

Late Phase Reaction

A

Mucosal edema (allergic rhinitis, runny nose)
Mucus secretion
Leukocyte infiltration (pus formation)
Epithelial damage
Bronchoplasm (asthma)

98
Q

(allergic rhinitis, runny nose)

A

Mucosal edema

99
Q

(pus formation)

A

Leukocyte infiltration

100
Q

(asthma)

A

Bronchoplasm

101
Q

Monocyte Granules:

A

ACP, B-glucuronidase, lysozyme, lipase, peroxidase

102
Q

Monocyte Lifespan:

A

PB (12/70 hrs) →tissues

103
Q

Randomly leaves the circulation (macrophages: free/fixed)

A

Monocyte

104
Q

Kupffer cell –

A

liver

105
Q

Histiocyte –

A

tissues

106
Q

Osteoclasts –

A

bones

107
Q

Microglial cells –

A
108
Q

Langerhans cells –

A

skin

109
Q

FUNCTIONS OF MONOCYTE AND MACROPHAGE
1. Make up the [?]
2. Both are with receptor for the Fc portion of [?] (important for antigen presentation) and C3 complement (antigen-antibody reaction)
3. [?] activity
4. Remove [?] red cells
5. Participate in [?]
6. Can kill [?]
7. Secrete various substances (?)
8. [?]

A

RES/Mononuclear Phagocyte System
IgG
Cellular and humoral
damaged and old
iron metabolism
malignant cells and tumor cells
interferon and transcobalamin II
Phagocytosis

110
Q

Phagocytosis:
Defense against [?]
Removal of [?]
Participation in
Processes Ag info for [?]
Production and [?]

A

microorganisms and tumor cells
damaged and old cells, plasma proteins and plasma lipids
Iron metabolism
lymphocytes recognition
secretion

111
Q

Processes Ag info for lymphocytes recognition:
[?] (APC)
Interact w/ Ag by [?]
Secrete lymphocyte stimulating factor (?)

A

Antigen presenting cells
membrane attachment
Interleukin-1

112
Q

Production and secretion of:
Different [?]
[?] (primary transport for Vit. B12)
[?] (promote proliferation of myeloid stem cells)
[?] [↑ body temp – fever] and [?] [antibacterial] = both suppress T-cell reaction)

A

enzymes
Transcobalamin II
CSF
Pyrogen, prostaglandins

Hematology 1 Discussion (11 decks)

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