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Biopsychology > Chapter 2 - Evolution, Genetics and Experience > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Evolution, Genetics and Experience Flashcards

1
Q

Dichotmous traits

A

traits that occur in one form or the other, never in Combination

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2
Q

true-breeding lines

A

breeding lines in which interbred members always produce offspring with the same trait, eg brown seeds, generation after generation

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3
Q

dominant trait

A

the trait of a dichotomous pair that is expressed in the phenotypes of heterozygous individuals

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4
Q

recessive traits

A

the trait of a dichotomous pair that is not expressed in the phenotype of heterozygous individuals

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5
Q

phenotype

A

an organisms observable traits

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6
Q

genotype

A

that trait that it can pass on to offspring through genetic material

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7
Q

alleles

A

two genes that control the same trait

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8
Q

homozygous

A

organisms that possess two identical genes for a trait are said to be homozygous

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9
Q

heterozygous

A

organisms that possess two different genes for a trait are said to be heterozygous

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10
Q

chromosomes

A

threadlike structures in the cell nucleus that contain the genes, each chromosome is a DNA molecule

  • they occur in matched pairs, and each species has a characteristic number of pairs in each of its body cells (23 pairs)
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11
Q

gametes

A

egg cells and sperm cells

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12
Q

meiosis

A

in meiosis, the chromosomes divide and one chromosome of each pair goes to each of the two gametes that results from cell division
> as a result, each gamete only has half the usual number of chromosomes

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13
Q

zygote

A

a fertilized egg cell, it is produced in meiosis, when a sperm and egg cell combine during fertilization with the full complement of chromosomes

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14
Q

genetic recombination

A

the meiotic process by which pairs of chromosomes cross over one another at random points, break apart and exchange genes

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15
Q

mitosis

A

the process of cell division that produces cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell

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16
Q

DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid

A

the double-stranded, coiled molecule of genetic material,
each strand is a sequence of nucleotide bases attached to a chain of phosphate and deoxyribose
four nucleotide bases: adenine & thymine, guanine & cytosine

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17
Q

DNA - replication

A

critical process by which the DNA molecule duplicates itself

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18
Q

mutations

A

errors in duplication take the form of mutations—accidental alterations in individual genes.

19
Q

autosomal chromosomes

A

chromosomes that come in matched pairs

20
Q

sex-chromosomes

A

one exception to the autosomal chromosomes, pair of chromosomes that determines the individual’s sex

21
Q

sex-linked traits

A

traits that influenced by genes on the sex chromosomes

22
Q

Proteins

A

long chains of amino acids, they control the physiological activity of cells and are important components of cellular structure

23
Q

Enhancers

A

stretches of DNA whose function is to determine whether particular structural genes initiate the synthesis of proteins and at what rate

> they are found in the stretches of DNA that lack structural genes

24
Q

gene expression

A

the production of the protein specified by particular genes

25
Q

transcription factors

A

Proteins that bind to DNA and influence the extent to which genes are expressed
> many of the description factors that control enhancers are influenced by signals received by the cell from the envrionment

26
Q

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

A

a molecule that is similar to DNA except that has the nucleotide base uracil and a phosphate and ribose backbone

27
Q

mRNA (messenger RNA)

A

a strand of RNA that is transcribed from DNA and then moves out of the cell nucleus where it is translated into a protein

28
Q

ribosomes

A

a structure in the cell’s cytoplasm that translates strands of messenger RNA into proteins

29
Q

codon

A

each group of three consecutive nucleotide bases along the mRNA strand
> instructs the ribosome add 1 of the 20 different kinds of amino acids

30
Q

transfer RNA

A

molecules of RNA that carry amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis; each kind of amino acid is carried b a different kind of transfer RNA molecule

31
Q

Human Genome Project

A

the international research effort to construct a detailed map of human chromosomes

32
Q

Epigenetics

A

the study of the all mechanisms of inheritance other than the genetic code and its expression

33
Q

DNA methylation

A

reaction that occurs when a methyl group attached to a DNA molecule; usually at cytosine

> can either increase or decrease expression

34
Q

Histone remodeling

A

reaction that occurs when histones (proteins around which DNA is coiled) change their shape and therefore influence the adjacent DNA

> can either increase or decrease expression

35
Q

RNA editing

A

some epigenetic effects regulate gene expression by acting on mRNA rather than genes

36
Q

transgenerational epigenetics

A

epigenetic mechanisms passed on to future generations

> examines the transmission of experiences via epigenetic mechanisms across generations

37
Q

phenylperuvic acids

A

a substance that is found in abnormally high concentrations in the urine of those suffering from phenylketonuria

38
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

a neurological disorder whose symptoms are vomiting, seizures, hyperactivity, hyper irritability, intellectual disability, brain damage and high levels of phenylpyruvic acid

39
Q

sensitive period

A

period early in life, during which a particular experience must occur to have a major effect on the development of a trait

40
Q

sensory phase

A

the first of the two phases of birdsong development, during which young birds do not sing but form memories of the adult songs they hear

41
Q

sensorimotor phase

A

the second of the two phases of birdsong development, during which juvenile birds progress from sub songs to adult songs

42
Q

monozygotic twins

A

develop from the same zygote and thus are genetically similar

43
Q

dizygotic twins

A

developed from two zygotes and thus are no more similar than any pair of siblings

44
Q

heritability estimate

A

a numerical estimate of the proportion of variability that occurred in a particular trait in a particular study and that resulted from genetic variation among the subjects in that study

> tells us about the contribution of genetic differences to phenotypic differences among the participants in a study; they have nothing to say about the relative contributions pf genes and experiences to the development of individuals

Biopsychology (9 decks)

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