Chapter 18 - Biopsychology of Psychiatric Disorders

Question 1

DSM-5

Answer 1

the current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association

Question 2

positive symptoms

Answer 2

symptoms that seem to represent an excess of typical function

Question 3

negative symptoms

Answer 3

symptoms that seem to represent a reduction or loss of typical function

Question 4

antipsychotic drug

Answer 4

a drug that is meant to treat certain symptoms of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

Question 5

haloperidol

Answer 5

as one of the most potent anti- psychotic drugs of its day, it had a relatively low affinity for dopamine receptors.

Question 6

Atypical antipsychotics

Answer 6

drugs that are effective against schizophrenia but yet do not bind strongly to D2 receptors
clozapine, the first atypical anti- psychotic to be approved for clinical use

Question 7

psychedelic drugs

Answer 7

drugs whose primary ac- tion is to alter perception, emotion, and cognition

Question 8

anhedonia

Answer 8

loss of the capacity to experience pleasure

Question 9

clinical depression = major depressive disorder

Answer 9

Depression that is so severe that it is difficult for the patient to meet the essential requirements of daily life

Question 10

reactive depression

Answer 10

Depression triggered by an obvious negative experience (e.g., the death of a friend, the loss of a job)

Question 11

endogenous depression

Answer 11

depression with no apparent cause (as in the case of S.B.)

Question 12

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Answer 12

episodes of depression and lethargy typically re- cur during particular seasons—usually during the winter months

Question 13

peripartum depression

Answer 13

the in-tense, sustained depression experienced by some women during pregnancy, after they give birth, or both

Question 14

cheese effect

Answer 14

Foods such as cheese, wine, and pickles contain an amine called tyramine, which is a potent elevator of blood pres- sure. Normally, these foods have little effect on blood pres- sure because tyramine is rapidly metabolized in the liver by MAO. However, people who take MAO inhibitors and consume tyramine-rich foods run the risk of stroke caused by surges in blood pressure

Question 15

tricyclic antidepressants

Answer 15

named because of their antidepressant action and because their chemical structures include three rings of atoms

Question 16

Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Answer 16

serotonin agonists that exert their ago- nistic effects by blocking the reuptake of serotonin from synapses

Question 17

selective norepinephrine- reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

Answer 17

These (e.g., reboxetine) have proven to be just as effective as the SSRIs in the treatment of depression. Also effective against depression are drugs that block the reuptake of more than one monoamine neu- rotransmitter (e.g., venlafaxine)

Question 18

typical antidepressants

Answer 18

There are many other drugs in this class, each with its own unique mechanism of action

Question 19

up-regulation

Answer 19

When an insufficient amount of a neurotransmitter is released at a syn- apse, there is usually a compensatory increase in the number of receptors for that neurotransmitter

Question 20

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

Answer 20

is a form of transcranial magnetic stimulation that involves the noninvasive delivery of repetitive magnetic pulses
at either high frequencies (e.g., five pulses per second; high-frequency rTMS) or low frequen- cies (e.g., less than one pulse per second; low-fre-
quency rTMS) to specific cortical areas—usually the prefrontal cortex

Question 21

bipolar disorder

Answer 21

Some depressed persons experience periods of hypomania or mania

Question 22

Hypomania

Answer 22

characterized by a reduced need for sleep, high energy, and positive af- fect. During periods of hypomania, people are talkative, energetic, impulsive, positive, and very confident. In this state, they can be very effec- tive at certain jobs and can be great fun to be with

Question 23

Mania

Answer 23

same effects as hypomania but taken to an extreme,
it also has additional symptoms, such as delusions of grandeur, overconfi- dence, impulsivity, and distractibility. Mania usually involves psychosis (a loss of touch with reality)

Question 24

bipolar disorder type II

Answer 24

Those persons who only experience bouts of depression and hypomania

Question 25

bipolar disorder type I

Answer 25

hose who also experience bouts of mania

Question 26

Lithium

Answer 26

simple metallic ion, was the first drug found to act as a mood stabilizer

Question 27

Anxiety

Answer 27

chronic fear that persists in the absence of any direct threat
is a common psychological correlate of stress

Question 28

Generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 28

characterized by stress responses and extreme feelings of anxiety and worry about a large number of different activities or events

Question 29

Specific phobias

Answer 29

involve a strong fear or anxiety about particular objects (e.g., birds, spiders) or situations (e.g., enclosed spaces, darkness). A person with a pho- bia will usually try to avoid those specific objects or situations that are anxiety producing

Question 30

Agoraphobia

Answer 30

pathological fear of public places and open spaces. Although it might be considered as a specific phobia

Question 31

Panic disorder

Answer 31

characterized by recurrent rapid- onset attacks of extreme fear and severe symptoms of stress
> Such panic attacks also occur in certain cases of generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobia, and agoraphobia

Question 32

Benzodiazepines

Answer 32

such as chlordiazepoxide (marketed as Librium) and diazepam (mar- keted as Valium) are widely prescribed for the treatment of anxiety disorders

Question 33

anxiolytic drugs

Answer 33

(antianxiety drugs) are often effective against clinical depression(

Question 34

elevated-plus-maze test

Answer 34

rats are placed on a four-armed plus-sign-shaped maze that rests about 50 centimeters above the floor. Two arms have sides and two arms have no sides, and the measure of anxiety is the pro- portion of time the rats spend in the enclosed arms, rather than venturing onto the exposed arms

Question 35

defensive-burying test

Answer 35

rats are shocked by a wire-wrapped wooden dowel mounted on the wall of a familiar test chamber. The measure of anxi- ety is the amount of time the rats spend spraying bedding material from the floor of the chamber at the source of the shock with forward thrusting movements of their head and forepaws

Question 36

risk-assessment test

Answer 36

after a single brief expo- sure to a cat on the surface of a laboratory burrow system, rats flee to their burrows and freeze. Then, they engage in a variety of risk-assessment behaviors

Question 37

Tourette’s disorder

Answer 37

A disorder of tics (involuntary, repetitive, ste-

reotyped movements or vocalizations)

Question 38

translational research

Answer 38

Research designed to translate basic scientific discoveries into effective clinical treatments

Question 39

Clinical trials

Answer 39

are stud- ies conducted on human volunteers to assess the therapeutic efficacy of an untested drug or other treatment.

Question 40

orphan drugs

Answer 40

drugs for which the market is too small for them to be profitable

Question 41

translational bottleneck

Answer 41

only a small proportion of potentially valuable ideas or treatments receive funding for translational research