Chapter 14 - Sleep, Dreaming & Circadian Rhythms

Question 1

delta waves

Answer 1

the largest and slowest EEG waves, with a frequency of 1 to 2 Hz

Question 2

initial stage 1 EEG

Answer 2

the period of the stage 1 EEG that occurs at the onset of sleep; it is not associated with REMs

Question 3

emergent stage 1 EEG

Answer 3

all periods of stage 1 sleep Egg except initial stage 1; each associated with REMs

Question 4

REM sleep

Answer 4

the stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, loss of core muscle tone, ad emergent stage 1 EEG

Question 5

slow-wave sleep (SWS)

Answer 5

NREM 3 is often referred to as slow-wave sleep (SWS), after the delta waves that characterize it

Question 6

activation-synthesis hypothesis

Answer 6

the theory that the information supplied to the cortex by the brain stem during REM sleep is largely random and the resulting dream is the cortex’s best effort to make sense of those random signals

Question 7

recuperation theories of sleep

Answer 7

theories based on the premise that being awake disturbs the body’s homeostasis and the function of sleep is to restore it

Question 8

adaptation theories of sleep

Answer 8

theories of sleep based on the premise that sleep evolved to protect organisms from predation and accidents and to conserve their energy rather than to fulfill some particular physiological need

Question 9

circadian rhythms

Answer 9

circadian means “lasting about a day”

Question 10

zeitgebers

Answer 10

Environmental cues, such as the light–dark cycle, that can entrain (control the timing of) circadian rhythms

Question 11

free-running rhythms

Answer 11

Circadian rhythms in constant environments, and their duration is called the free-running period

Question 12

internal desynchronization

Answer 12

the cycling on different schedules of the free-running circadian rhythms of two or more different processes

Question 13

circadian clock

Answer 13

internal timing mechanism

Question 14

suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)

Answer 14

nuclei of the medial hypothalamus that control the circadian cycles of various body functions

Question 15

melanopsin

Answer 15

photopigment found in certain retinal ganglion cells that responds to changes in background illumination and plays a role in the entrainment of circadian rhythms

Question 16

Hypnotic drugs

Answer 16

drugs that increase sleep

Question 17

antihypnotic drugs

Answer 17

drugs that reduce sleep

Question 18

benzodiazepines

Answer 18

diazepam, clonazepam), which are GABAA agonists, were developed and tested for the treat- ment of anxiety, yet they are some of the most commonly prescribed hypnotic medications

Question 19

chronobiotic

Answer 19

a substance that adjusts the timing of inter- nal biological rhythms

Question 20

Insomnia

Answer 20

includes all disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep

Question 21

Hypersomnia

Answer 21

includes disorders of excessive sleep or sleepiness

Question 22

sleep apnea

Answer 22

patient with sleep apnea stops breathing many times each night. Each time, the patient awakens, be- gins to breathe again, and drifts back to sleep

Question 23

Periodic limb movement disorder

Answer 23

characterized by periodic, involuntary movements of the limbs, often involving twitches of the legs during sleep
> Most patients suffering from this disorder complain of poor sleep and daytime sleepiness but are unaware of the nature of their problem.

Question 24

restless legs syndrome

Answer 24

aware of their problem, They complain of a hard-to-describe tension or uneasiness in their legs that keeps them from falling asleep

Question 25

Narcolepsy

Answer 25

persons with narcolepsy experience severe daytime sleepiness and repeated, brief (10- to 15-minute) daytime sleep episodes,
> typically sleep only about an hour per day more than average; it is the inappropriateness of their sleep episodes that most clearly defines their condition

Question 26

Cataplexy

Answer 26

characterized by recurring losses of muscle tone during wakefulness, often triggered by an emotional experience

Question 27

Sleep paralysis

Answer 27

is the inability to move just as one is falling asleep or waking up

Question 28

Hypnagogic hallucinations

Answer 28

dreamlike experiences during wakefulness

Question 29

REM-sleep behavior disorder

Answer 29

a disorder where the individual experiences REM sleep without core-muscle atonia

Question 30

sleep inertia

Answer 30

left them unrefreshed, or too much, which left them groggy for several minutes when they awoke

Question 31

polyphasic sleep cycles

Answer 31

regularly sleep more than once per day

Question 32

monophasic sleep cycles

Answer 32

they sleep once per day