Chapter 12 - Hunger, Eating and Health

Question 1

set point

Answer 1

the value of a psychological parameter that is maintained constantly by physiological or behavioral mechanisms; eg: the body’s energy resources are often assumed to be maintained at a constant optimal level by compensatory changes in hunger

Question 2

Set-point assumption

Answer 2

the assumption that hunger is typically triggered by a decline in the body’s energy reserves below their set point

Question 3

digestion items

Answer 3

the gastrointestinal process of breaking down food and absorbing its constituents into the body

Question 4

gut microbiome

Answer 4

the bacteria and other organisms that live inside our gastrointestinal tract

Question 5

lipids
amino acids
glucose

Answer 5

> fats
the breakdown products of proteins
simple sugar that is the breakdown product of complex carbohydrates

Question 6

three phases of energy metabolism

Answer 6

> cephalic phase
absorptive phase
fasting phase

Question 7

cephalic phase

Answer 7

the metabolic phase during which the body prepares food that is about to be absorbed

Question 8

absorptive phase

Answer 8

the metabolic phase during which the body is operating on the energy from a recently consumed meal and is storing the excess as body fat, glycogen and proteins

Question 9

fasting phase

Answer 9

the metabolic phase that begins when energy from the preceding meal is no longer sufficient to meet the immediate needs of the body and during which energy is extracted from fat and glycogen

Question 10

Insulin

Answer 10

a pancreatic hormone that facilitates the entry of glucose into cells and the conversion of blood borne fuels to forms that can be stored

Question 11

glucagon

Answer 11

a pancreatic hormone that promotes the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue, their conversion to ketones, and the use of both as source of energy

Question 12

gluconeogenesis

Answer 12

the process by which protein is converted to glucose

Question 13

free fatty acids

Answer 13

the main source of the body’s energy during the fasting phase; released from adipose tissue in response to high levels of glucagon

Question 14

negative feedback systems

Answer 14

systems in which feedback from changes in one direction elicit compensatory effects in the opposite direction

Question 15

homeostasis

Answer 15

a stable internal envrionment

Question 16

glucostatic theory

Answer 16

the theory that eating is controlled by deviations from a hypothetical blood glucose set point

Question 17

lipostatic theory

Answer 17

the theory that eating is controlled b deviations from a hypothetical body-fat set point

Question 18

positive-incentive theory

Answer 18

the idea that behaviors (eg. eating and drinking) are motivated by their anticipated pleasurable effects

Question 19

satiety

Answer 19

the motivational state that terminates a meal when there is food remaining

Question 20

nutritive density

Answer 20

calories per unit volume

Question 21

sham eating

Answer 21

the experimental protocol in which an animal cows and swallows food, after which the food immediately exits its body through a tube implanted in its esophagus

Question 22

appetizer effect

Answer 22

the increase in hunger that is produced by the consumption of small amounts of food

Question 23

cafeteria diet

Answer 23

a diet offered to experimental animals that is composed of a wide variety of palatable food

Question 24

sensory-specific satiety

Answer 24

the fact that the consumption of a particular food produces greater satiety for food of the same taste than for other foods

Question 25

ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

Answer 25

the area of the hypothalamus that was once thought to be a satiety center

Question 26

lateral hypothalamus (LH)

Answer 26

the area of the hypothalamus once thought to be the feeding center

Question 27

hyperphagia

Answer 27

excessive eating

Question 28

dynamic phase

Answer 28

the first phase of the VMH syndrome, characterized by grossly excessive eating and rapid weight gain

Question 29

static phase

Answer 29

the second phase of the VMH syndrome, during which the obese animal maintains a stable level of obesity

Question 30

aphagia

Answer 30

a complete cessation of eating

Question 31

adipsia

Answer 31

a complete cessation of drinking

Question 32

lipogenesis

Answer 32

the production of body fat

Question 33

lipolysis

Answer 33

the breakdown of body fat to utilizable forms of energy

Question 34

paraventricular nuclei

Answer 34

hypothalamic nuclei that play a role in eating and synthesize hormones released by the posterior pituitary

Question 35

duodenum

Answer 35

the first segment of the small intestine, which normally carries food away from the stomach

Question 36

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Answer 36

a peptide that is released by the gastrointestinal tract and is thought too function as a satiety signal

Question 37

Prader-Willi syndrome

Answer 37

a neurodevelopment disorder that is characterized by an insatiable appetite and exceptionally slow metabolsim

Question 38

diet-induced thermogenesis

Answer 38

the homeostasis-definding increases in body temperature that are associated with increase body fat

Question 39

basal metabolic rate

Answer 39

the rate at which energy is utilized to maintain bodily processes when resting

Question 40

settling point

Answer 40

the point at which various factors that influence the level of some regulated function (such as body weight) achieve an equilibrium

Question 41

leaky-barrel model

Answer 41

an analogy for the settling-point model of body-fat regulation

Question 42

NEAT

Answer 42

Nonexercise activity thermogenesis, which is generated by activities such a s fidgeting and the maintenance of posture and muscle tone

Question 43

leptin

Answer 43

a protein normally synthesized in fat cella, it is thought to act a a negative feedback signal normally released bye fat stores to decrease appetite and increase fat metabolism

Question 44

ob/ ob mice

Answer 44

mice that are homozygous for the mutant ob gene; their body fat produces no leptin, and they become very obese

Question 45

subcutaneous fat

Answer 45

fat stored under the skin

Question 46

visceral fat

Answer 46

fat stored around the internal organs of the body cavity

Question 47

arcuate nucleus

Answer 47

a nucleus of the hypothalamus that contains high concentrations of both leptin receptors and insulin receptors

Question 48

neuropeptide Y

Answer 48

the gut hunger peptide that you read about earlier in the chapter

Question 49

melanocortin system

Answer 49

neurons in the accurate nucleus that release melanocortins

Question 50

Gastric bypass

Answer 50

a surgical procedure for treating obesity in which the intestine is cut and connected to the upper portion of the stomach, which is isolated from the rest of the stomach by a row of staples

Question 51

adjustable gastric band procedure

Answer 51

a surgical procedure for treating obesity in which an adjustable band is implanted around the stomach to reduce the flow of food

Question 52

Anorexia nervosa

Answer 52

the eating disorder of underconsumption that results in health-threatening weight loss

Question 53

Bulimia nervosa

Answer 53

an eating disorder characterized by periods of not eating interrupted by binging followed by purging