Chapter 2 - Components of Natural Immunity Flashcards
A phenomenon that occurs when an antibody reacts with antigen that is structurally similar to the original antigen that induced antibody production.
Cross-reactivity
a.k.a. Non-specific, innate immunity
Natural Immunity
a.k.a. Specific, acquired immunity
Adaptive immunity
Lysozymes are antibacterial against gram _______ bacteria.
Positive
Interferon is an example of:
A. Natural immunity
B. Adaptive immunity
A. Natural immunity
The acidity of GIT and vagina and the normal flora of the body is an example of:
A. External defense
B. Internal defense
A. External Defense
The cell associated with the “kiss of death”.
NK cell
A cell that is said to link the natural & adaptive immunity.
NK cell
What makes sweat antibacterial?
The presence of lactic acid
Other name for NK cell.
Large Granular Lymphocytes (LGL)
Bacteria’s virulence factor against phagocytosis.
Capsule
Antigen binding site.
Epitope
Antibody binding site
Paratope
Negri bodies are diagnostic of ________.
Rabies
A WBC that has ground glass cytoplasm.
Monocyte
True/False: Eosinophils and basophils are phagocytes.
False. Eosinophils are phagocytes but basophils are not.
Eosinophilia is only present for which type of parasites?
Tissue parasites
Weakened poliovirus given by mouth (oral polio vaccine)
Sabin
Inactivated poliovirus given by injection.
Salk
The most important function of eosinophils.
Neutralize basophil products
Content of basophils and mast cells that initiates allergic, inflammatory response
histamine
Koplik spots is diagnostic of ______.
Measles
Cells that kill extracellular organisms.
Phagocytes
Cells that kill intracellular organisms.
NK cells
WBC associated with the killing of parasites.
Eosinophil
Known as the homeostatic regulator of inflammation.
Eosinophil
Urease is associated with ______ which is also the causative agent of gastric ulcerations.
Helicobacter pylori
The smallest WBC, with large nucleus and scanty cytoplasm.
Lymphocytes
Plasma proteins that increases rapidly by at least 25% due to infection, trauma or injury.
Acute phase reactants
APRs are primarily produced by?
Hepatocytes
An APR which has a function in opsonization and complement activation.
C reactive protein
An APR which has function in the removal of cholesterol.
Serum amyloid A
An APR which has a function in inhibiting protease.
Alpha 1 antitrypsin
An APR which has a function in clot formation
Fibrinogen
An APR that binds hemoglobin
Haptoglobin
An APR which binds copper and oxidizes iron.
Ceruloplasmin
An APR which has a function in opsonization and cell lysis.
Complement C3
A nonspecific antibody; the first antibody to be developed during infection.
CRP
Marker for acute inflammation and is now a marker for cardiovascular diseases.
CRP
What CRP level is considered as a high-risk level for CVD?
> 3 mg/dL
An APR that inhibits elastase.
Alpha 1 antitrypsin
Difference between the primary and secondary granules of neutrophils.
Primary granules are nonspecific, secondary granules are specific
WBC stained using the Hansel Stain.
Eosinophil
What WBC is associated with acute interstitial nephritis?
Eosinophil
The smallest granulocyte.
Basophil
Largest cell in the peripheral blood.
Monocytes
WBC that is increased in chronic infections like TB.
Monocytes
Best antigen presenting cell.
Dendritic cell
Most potent phagocyte
Dendritic cell
Main function of dendritic cells
Phagocytose antigen and present it to the T-helper cells
The liver produces almost all proteins except _____.
Immunoglobulins
What produces immunoglobulins?
Plasma cells
During hemolytic anemia, haptoglobin is _______.
A. Increased
B. Decreased
Decreased
Most abundant cell in the bone marrow.
Metamyelocyte
Largest cell in the bone marrow.
Megakaryocyte
What differentiates basophils and mast cells?
Their granule content
Besides the location where they are found, what is the difference between a monocyte and a macrophage?
Monocyte contains peroxidase while macrophage does not.
Macrophage found in lungs
Alveolar
Macrophage found in liver
Kupffer cells
Macrophage found in the brain
Microglial cells
Macrophage found in tissues
Histiocytes
Macrophage found in skin
Langerhans cells
Macrophage found in bone.
Osteoclast
_______ is mistaken as a megakaryocyte.
Osteoclast
_______ is mistaken as plasma cells.
Osteoblast
Sensor for extracellular killing by phagocytes.
Pathogen recognition receptors
Which TLR mediates response against gram positive bacteria?
TLR2
Which TLR mediates response against gram negative bacteria?
TLR4
Steps of phagocytosis.
- Initiation
- Chemotaxis
- Engulfment
- Digestion and Excretion
Migration of neutrophils and monocytes to the site of injury.
Chemotaxis
Bacterial capsule is usually made up of _____.
Polysaccharide
Which bacteria have amino acid (D-glutamic acid) capsule instead of the usual polysaccharide capsule?
Bacillus anthracis
Without this, the movement of the WBCs is said to be random.
Chemotaxin
Substances that coat particles and other organisms and make them more susceptible to phagocytosis.
Opsonins
A substance released by bacteria, injured tissue, and WBC that stimulates the movement of neutrophils and other WBCs to the injured area.
Chemotaxins
“To prepare for eating”
Opsonization
The release of cellular substances (as secretory products) contained in cell vesicles by fusion of the vesicular membrane with the plasma membrane and subsequent release of the contents to the exterior of the cell.
Exocytosis
Give one example of a chemotaxin.
C5a
Give one example of an opsonin.
C3b
More commonly used process of eliminating phagocytosed organisms.
Oxygen-dependent process (oxidative burst)
Defensins and cathepsin G are associated with which process of eliminating phagocytosed organisms?
Oxygen-independent process
Movement of WBCs towards the signal.
Positive chemotaxis
Movement of WBCs away from the signal.
Negative chemotaxis
Part of the cell that contains digestive enzymes.
Lysosome
Enzymes found in aerobic microorganisms but not in anaerobic microorganisms.
Superoxide dismutase, catalase
Central killing of microbe.
NADPH oxidase
An abnormality in chemotaxis with the presence of abnormal random movements.
Lazy Leukocyte Syndrome
An abnormality in chemotaxis with the presence of normal random movements.
Job’s syndrome
Impaired NADPH oxidase production; phagocytes cannot kill ingested organisms.
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)
Traditional test for CGD.
Nitroblue tetrazolium dye test
Positive result for nitroblue tetrazolium dye test for CGD.
Blue precipitates
What is the expected result for patients with CGD in a nitroblue tetrazolium dye test?
Negative. Absence of blue precipitates
The specimen for testing CGD.
Leukocyte concentrate
The latest test for CGD.
Flow cytometric assay
During flow cutometric assay for CGD, neutrophils are labeled with _____.
Dihydrorhodamine (DHR)
During flow cytometric assay for CGD, neutrophil is activated using _____.
Phorbol Myristate Acetate (PMA)
Expected result for the flow cytometric assay for patients with CGD.
Less fluorescence
Blood group and its specific phenotype associated with CGD.
McLeod phenotype of Kell blood group
The 1st blood group discovered by AHG test.
Kell
How many blood groups are discovered?
39
Detachment of gravid segments.
Apolysis
”Cell suicide”
Apoptosis
”Cell murder/killing”
Necrosis
Pyrogenic interleukin that causes fever and causes the APRs to increase.
IL-1
Interleukin responsible for the activation and proliferation of B and T cells.
IL-2
Passing of phagocyte through the blood vessel wall.
Diapedesis
Important cytokine in NK cell development.
IL-15
Which substances are released by NK cells?
Granzymes and perforins
Granzymes and perforins are also present in which cell besides NK cells?
Cytotoxic T cells
Which enzyme induce programmed cell death in the target cell?
Granzymes
A membrane-disrupting protein released by NK cells and cytotoxic T cells.
Perforin
Overall reaction of the body to tissue injury or invasion by an infectious agent.
Inflammation
Significance of inflammation
To attract phagocytes to the site of injury
The cardinal sign of inflammation which is a result of increased blood flow to the site of injury.
Rubor / redness
The cardinal sign of inflammation which is a result of the exudation of fluid.
Tumor / swelling
The cardinal sign of inflammation which is a result of increased blood flow, exudation of fluid and release of mediators.
Calor / heat
The cardinal sign of inflammation which is a result of stretching pain receptors and nerves by inflammatory exudates, chemical mediators.
Dolor / pain
The cardinal sign of inflammation which is a result of pain and disruption of tissue structure.
Functio laesa / loss of function
Vascular response during inflammation.
Vasodilation, mas cell release histamine
Which cells primarily respond to inflammation?
Neutrophils and macrophages
Resolution and repair after inflammation is initiated by _____.
Fibroblast proliferation
