Chapter 2: Chemistry Flashcards
The basic forms of matter
- gas
- liquid
- solid
What is the smallest units of matter?
atoms
Protons
positively charged and are located in the nucleus of the atom
Neutrons
neutral charge and located in the nucleus with the protons
Electrons
negatively charged and located the electron cloud
Ions
produced from the loss or gain of one or more electrons; NaCl (table salt)
- cation
- anion
Cation
atom loses an electron thereby acquiring a positive charge
Anion
atom gains an electron thereby acquiring a negative charge
Most common cations
- sodium (Na+)
- potassium (K+)
- calcium (Ca2+)
- magnesium (Mg2+)
- hydrogen (H+)
Most common anions
- chloride (Cl-)
- bicarbonate (HCO3)
- phosphate (PO3- 4)
Ionic bonds
exchange of electrons
Covalent bonds
share electrons
Molecular compound
electrons are shared between atoms of two or more different elements
Acids
dissociates in water to produce H+ ions and an anion; “proton donor”; increases concentration of free H+ ions
Bases
accepts H+ ions when added to a solution; “proton accepter”; decreases concentration of free H+ ions
pH scale
0-14; the pH of water is 7 and the pH of blood is 7.4
Buffers
prevents pH changes
4 biological organic macromolecules
- lipids
- carbohydrates
- nucleic acids
- proteins
Lipids
- diverse group of fatty, water-insoluble molecules
- function: energy storage, cellular membrane components, hormones
- 4 primary classes:
1- triglycerides
2- phospholipids
3- steroids
4- eicostanoids
Triglycerides
long-term energy storage
Phospholipids
forms cell membranes
Steroids
serves as hormones and cell membrane components
Eicosanoids
involved in inflammatory response
Carbohydrates
- monosaccharides
- disaccharides
- polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
simple sugar monomers (ex. glucose)
Disaccharides
formed from 2 monosaccharides (ex. sucrose)
Polysaccharides
formed from many monosaccharides (ex. glycogen)
Nucleic acids
- store and transfer genetic information
- 2 classes of nucleic acid
1- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
2- RNA (ribonucleic acid)
DNA
- found within the cell nucleus; carrier of genetic information
nucleotide monomers: - cytosine
- guanine
- adenine
- thymine
RNA
- found within the cytoplasm; transmits genetic codes that are necessary for protein creation
nucleotide monomers - uracil
- guanine
- adenine
- cytosine
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
nucleotide, which transfers chemical energy within the cell
Protein functions
- synthesis and digestion
- structural support
- body movement
- transport in blood
- membrane transport
- protection
example of a protein: - enzymes
