Chapter 1: Intro to Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
Anatomy studies what?
the form and structure of the body
Physiology studies what?
examines how the body functions
Subtypes of anatomy
1- microscopic anatomy
2- gross anatomy
Microscopic anatomy
examines structures that cannot be observed by the unaided eye
2 kinds of microscopic anatomy
1- cytology
2- histology
Cytology
the study of body cells and their internal structure
Histology
the study of tissues
Gross anatomy
investigates structures visible to the unaided eye
5 types of gross anatomy
1- systematic anatomy
2- regional anatomy
3- surface anatomy
4- comparative anatomy
5- embryology
Systematic anatomy
studies the anatomy of each body system
Regional anatomy
examines the structures in a body region
Surface anatomy
focuses on superficial anatomic marking and internal body structures
Comparative anatomy
examines anatomical similarities and differences in different species
Embryology
studies developmental changes from conception to birth
5 types of physiology
1- cardiovascular physiology
2- neurophysiology
3- respiratory physiology
4- reproductive physiology
5- pathophysiology
Cardiovascular physiology
examines functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
Neurophysiology
studies functioning of nerves and nervous system organs
Respiratory physiology
explores functioning of respiratory organs
Reproductive physiology
investigates the functioning of reproductive hormones and the reproductive cycle
Pathophysiology
focuses on the function of a body system during disease or injury to the system
Homeostasis
the ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment in response to changing internal or external conditions
3 components of the homeostatic system
1- receptor
2- control center
3- effector
Receptor
detects changes
Control center
initiates changes through effector
Effector
brings about changes
Negative feedback
controls most processes in the body; resulting action is in the opposite direction of the stimulus
Positive feedback
occurs much less frequently than negative feedback; stimulus reinforced to continue moving variable in the same direction until a climatic event occurs
Example of negative feedback
temperature regulation
Examples of positive feedback
- breastfeeding
- blood clotting
- labor
Process of thermoregulation
- body temperature rises
- sensory receptors detect this and signal the hypothalamus
- hypothalamus alerts nerve impulses in blood vessels in the skin to increase the inside opening of the vessels
- this increases the amount of blood circulating to the body surface
- more heat is released through the skin
