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Micro Lecture > Chapter 2 Chemical Principles > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Chemical Principles Flashcards

1
Q

Define Chemistry

A

The study of interactions between atoms

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2
Q

What type of chemistry is non-living?

What type of chemistry is living

A

Inorganic

Organic

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3
Q

Everything that occupies space is made of?

What is the smallest unit of matter that enters into chemical reactions?

A

Matter

Atom

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4
Q

Atoms interact to form what?

A

Molecules and compounds

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5
Q

What are atoms composed of?

A

Electrons (-)
Protons (+)
Neutrons neutral

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6
Q

What does the number of protons define?

What is the Atomic weight?

A

Atomic Number

Sum of the Protons and Nuetrons

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7
Q

Define Isotopes?

A

They are atoms with different number of NEUTRONS.

Ex. Isotopes of oxygen 16O, 17O, 18O

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8
Q

What are the elements of life?

A 
hydrogen
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Sodium
Mg
Phosphorus
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9
Q

How are electrons arranged? Meaning what is its names?

How many can each hold

A

Shells or orbits

Each can hold

  • 2
  • 8
  • 8
  • 18
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10
Q

What is the octet rule?

What is the exception?

A

Atoms react to one another to achieve 8 electrons in the outer shell

Hydrogen (H2)- the first shell which is complete with 2e is the outer shell

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11
Q

To comply with the octet rule what must atoms do?

The number of missing or extra electrons in this shell is known as?

A

Atom must combine to complete the outer most shell

Called valence

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12
Q

Molecules that hold together because the valence electrons of the combining atoms form attractive forces is called?

What is needed for this to happen?

A

Chemical bonds

These bonds need energy to form so each molecule had some potential energy

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13
Q

What are the three different chemical bonds

A
  • ionic bonds - transfer of e-
  • covalent bonds - Sharing of e-
  • hydrogen bonds - weak bonds that can be broken and re-formed.
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14
Q

Example of Ionic Bond

A

NaCl

Sodium (donor) gives up an electron to chloride (electron acceptor)

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15
Q

What are ionic bonds

A

The number of protons and electrons is equal in an atom, so atoms have no net charge

Ions are charged atoms that have either gained or lost electrons

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16
Q

Attractions of the opposite charge is called?

A

Ionic Bonds are attractions between ions of opposite charge. One atom loses and electron and the other gains an electron

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17
Q

Negatively charged ions are called?

Positively charged ions are called?

A

Anions

Cations

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18
Q

The reason why ionic bond forms between Na and Cl

A

The opposite charge holds them together

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19
Q

Define covalent bonds?

A

They form with two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

Example is Methane CH4

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20
Q

Define hydrogen bond?

A

They form when a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to an O or N atom is attracted to another N or O tame in another molecule

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21
Q

Define Molecular weight

A

The sum of the atomic weight in a molecule is the molecular weight

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22
Q

One ? Of a substance is its molecular weight in grams

A

Mole

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23
Q

What involves the making or breaking of bonds between atoms?

A

Chemical reactions

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24
Q

What is the change that occurs during a chemical reaction?

What are the two types of reactions and what do they do?

What is waters role?

A

Chemical energy

Endergonic reactions absorb energy

Exergonic reactions release energy

H2O is either produced or used in both reactions

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25
Q

Define Anabolism?

What else is this called?

What happens to energy with these?

A

Is the synthesis of large molecules in a cell

Dehydration or condensation

Usually use energy

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26
Q

Define Catabolism

A

Decomposition reactions in a cell and usually generate energy

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27
Q

What are exchange reactions?

A

Are part synthesis and part decomposition

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28
Q

What is the collision Theory?

What is this energy called?

A

All atoms, ions and molecule are constantly moving and colliding with each other

The Collision energy which is required for a chemical reaction is it’s Activation Energy (AE)

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29
Q

What is an enzymes function when it comes to a reaction?

What are enzymes made of?

A

Enzymes decrease AE and act as catalyst to speed up the reaction.

They are made of proteins

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30
Q

What does an enzyme primarily work on?

Do they work on all?

A

Enzymes work on substrates and enzymes are very specific.

31
Q

What always contain carbon and hydrogen and are large like proteins,a no lipids?

A

Organic compounds

Inorganic lack carbon

32
Q

Define water

A

Inorganic molecule

Polar molecule

Typically a solvent

Has a negatively charged pole and a positively charged pole.

33
Q

Polar substances dissociate and dissolve in water which are called?

A

Hydrophilic

34
Q

What is the significance of the hydrogen bonds of water

A

The H-bonds absorb heat

Makes water a temperature buffer

35
Q

Define acids

What are they called?

A

Substances that dissociate into one or mor H+ (proton)

Therefore called proton donor

HCL —> H+ + Cl-

36
Q

Define bases

What are they typically called

A

Substances that dissociate into one or more OH- (hydroxide ion), they accept H+

The are proton acceptors

NaOH—> NA+ + OH-

37
Q

Define salts

A

Substances that dissociated into cations and anions, neither of which is H+ or OH-

38
Q

The amount of H+ in a solution is expressed as?

What is the formula to calculate this?

A
  • pH
  • pH = -log10 [H+]

Increasing [H+] increases acidity

Increasing [OH-] increases alkalinity

39
Q

Most organisms grow at what pH?

Give examples

A

Between pH 6.5 and 8.5

  • Fungi. Acidic (pH <7)
  • Cyanobacteria. Alkaline (pH>7)
40
Q

What is the function of a buffer?

A

Resists the changes in pH and keep pH constant

41
Q

What are macromolecules

What are the smaller unit molecules called?

A

Polymers consisting of many repeating unit organic molecules that combine to form large macromolecules

Monomers

42
Q

How are polymers made?

A

Monomers join by dehydration, synthesis or condensation reactions to form macromolecules

43
Q

Define carbohydrates

A

Energy sources and also cell structures

They are named according to the number of Carbons

  • Hexose has 6 (C)
  • Pentose has 5 (C)
44
Q

What are the simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms

A

Monosaccharides

45
Q

Define disaccharides and how they are broken down and give an example?

A

Disaccharides are formed when 2 monosaccharides are joined in a dehydration synthesis

They can be broken down by hydrolysis

E.g. Glucose + Galactose —> Lactose

46
Q

What are Oligosaccharides

A

Consist of 2 to 20 monosaccharides

47
Q

What are polysaccharides

Give a few examples of polymers of glucose

A

Consists of tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration syntheses

Starch, glycogen, dextran, and cellulose, are polymers of glucose that are covalently bonded differently

48
Q

What is chitin

A

A polymer of 2 sugars repeating many times. the shells of crabs and lobsters

49
Q

Define Lipids

A

Primary component of cell membranes

Consist of C, H, and O

Are non-polar and insoluble in water

50
Q

What are considered simple lipids, meaning their structure and how they are formed?

A

Fats or Triglycerides

Contain 1 glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acid tails.

Formed by dehydration synthesis

51
Q

When a fatty acid has no double bonds, what is it said to be and explain its structure

A

Saturated fat- no double bonds

They are solid at room temperature

52
Q

What does it mean when a fat is said to be unsaturated?

What are the two forms unsaturated fatty acids can be?

A

Unsaturated fat has one or more double bonds in the fatty acids, and they are liquids at room temp

Cis: H atoms on the same side of the double bond

Trans: H atoms on the opposite side of the double bond

53
Q

Define phospholipids?

What is the unique fact about them

A

Contain phosphorus, nitrogen and sulfur.

Membranes are made of phospholipids

The interesting fact is they have both polar and non-polar ends

54
Q

Define Steroids & Cholesterol

A

4 carbon rings with an -OH group attached to one ring

They are also parts of membrane

55
Q

Define proteins and give examples

A

Proteins come from genes and they are essential in cell structure and function

Enzymes are proteins that speed Chem reactions up

Transporter proteins move chemicals across membranes

Flagella (motility) are made of proteins

Some bacterial toxins are proteins
Structural proteins- They are the building blocks for muscle, hair, and nails

56
Q

What are the two stereoisomers of Amino Acids

A

D or L (mirror) image

L-forms are the most often found in nature

57
Q

What are the levels of protein structure and define them?

A

Primary Structure- the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

Secondary structure - occurs when the amino acid chain folds and coils in a regular helix or pleats

Tertiary- occurs when the helix folds irregularly, forming disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds between the amino acids in the chain

  • they are 3-D structures
  • they do depend of temp and pH
  • Therefore in a hostile environment they could denature

Quaternary- consists of 2 or more polypeptides in their folded state

58
Q

What is a conjugated protein

Give the 4 main conjugated proteins

A

Proteins consists of amino acids and other organic molecules

  • glycoproteins- sugar
  • nucleoproteins- nucleotide
  • lipoproteins- lipids
  • phosphoprotein- phosphate
59
Q

What are nucleic acids made of? And what do they form

A

Made of nucleotide subunits

Nucleic acids are made from genes

60
Q

What are the two forms of nucleic acids and what is their difference?

A

DNA
RNA

They differ by an oxygen

61
Q

the genes on DNA have a specific function, what is it?

A

Genes encode for proteins

62
Q

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

A
  1. Phosphate
  2. Sugar
  3. Nitrogen-containing base
63
Q

How are the strands of DNA formed?

A

Nucleotides are linked via covalent bonds, which are between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the sugar of another and this continues in an alternating fashion. Sugar, phosphate, sugar, phosphate etc…

64
Q

The alternating form of sugars and phosphates form what?

A

Form the back bone of DNA with the bases extended outward

65
Q

What are the 4 bases found in DNA

A

Adenine

Thymine

Cytosine

Guanine

66
Q

What are the purines of the nitrogenous bases?

A

Adenine

Guanine

67
Q

What are the Pyrimidines of the nitrogenous bases

A

Thymine

Cytosine

68
Q

What binds to what in base pairing? How many hydrogen bonds form?

A

A bind to T double bond

G bind to C triple bond

69
Q

Sugars and phosphates for what? And base pairs form what in DNA?

A

Sugars and phosphates make up the sides of DNA while the linked base pairs form the rungs

70
Q

What are the overall 5 bases found in nucleotides

A

Adenine and guanine which are double ringed purines

Cytosine, thymine and Uracil are single ringed Pyrimidines

Uracil is only in RNA

71
Q

What is RNA and explain its structure and bonding capabilities

A

Ribonucleic Acid

It’s sugar is ribose

It’s single stranded

A hydrogen bonds to U
C hydrogen bonds to G

72
Q

Who are the 4 scientists involved in the discovery of DNA and its structure

A

Watson and Crick

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

73
Q

Define ATP, its structure and function

A

Adenosine triphosphate

Has ribose, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups

It’s the energy currency of the cells

Micro Lecture (11 decks)

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