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Micro Lecture > Chapter 1 Lecture > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What organisms are too small to be seen with the unaided eye, and how do they play a role in our life.

A

Microorganisms, microbes, and germs.

Contrary to public belief, most are beneficial to us

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2
Q

Define pathogenic in regards to microbes

A

Pathogenic means disease-causing

Only a select few cause disease

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3
Q

What the job of microbes that are involved in the Elemental cycle?

A

Decompose waste

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4
Q

What do producers do and what do consumers do?

A

Microbes are producers in the ecosystem and this happened via photosynthesis

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5
Q

What are some of the roles of microbes in our lives?

A

Few are pathogenic
They decompose wastes
Some are producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis
Some produce chemicals such as ethanol and acetone
Some ferment foods such as vinegar, cheese, bread, wine, beer
Some are used for genetic engineering: meaning they produce products that we need
E.g. Cellulase and treatments like insulin

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6
Q

What a few benefits of microbes?

A

Knowledge of microorganisms allows humans to
-prevent food spoilage
-prevent disease occurrence
Led to aseptic techniques, which prevents contamination in medicine and in micro labs

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7
Q

Who is responsible for establishing the system of scientific nomenclature?

A

Linnaeus

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8
Q

How are organisms named?

A

They have two name:

The genus which is capitalized and the specific epithet (species name), which is lower case

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9
Q

What are two other ways a scientific name could be written?

A

Italicizes or underlined

Could be descriptive or honor a scientist

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10
Q

What did Theodor Escherich discover? Where is this found?

A

Escherichia coli, E.coli

The bacterium’s habitat- the large intestine, or colon

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11
Q

Describe Staphylococcus aureus?

A

Clustered (staphylo-). Spherical (cocci) cells

Gold-colored (aureus) colonies

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12
Q

Where is Staphylococcus aureus found

A

S.aureus is found in the nose

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13
Q

What are the types of microorganisms?

A 
Bacteria
Archaea
Fungi
Protozoa
Algae
Viruses
Multicellular animal parasites
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14
Q

Describe bacteria?

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
Type of cell wall
How they replicate
What is their energy source

A

Prokaryotic (meaning prenucleus)
Peptidoglycan cell wall
Binary fission
They use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis

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15
Q

Describe Archaea?

A

Also Prokaryotic
LACK peptidoglycan

Like to live in extreme environments

E.g. Methanogens, extreme halophiles - high salt, extreme thermophiles - high temp

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16
Q

Are Fungi prokaryotic or Eukaryotic

A

Eukaryotic

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17
Q

Describe Fungi?

A

Have Chitin cell walls

Use organic chemicals for energy

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18
Q

What are a few examples of Fungi and explain?

Describe yeasts

A

Molds and mushrooms, are multicellular, consisting of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments of hyphae

Yeasts are unicellular

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19
Q

Are Protozoa Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic?

A

Protozoa are Eukaryotic

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20
Q

Describe Protozoa?

Give and example

A

Eukaryotes
unicellular
Absorb or ingest organic chemicals
May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella

E.g. Amoeba

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21
Q

Describe algae

A

Eukaryotes
Their cell was are made of cellulose
Use photosynthesis for energy
Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds

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22
Q

What are viruses

A

Acellular
Consist of DNA or RNA core
Core is surrounded by a protein coat (capsid)
Coat may be enclose in a lipid envelope

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23
Q

How do viruses replicate?

What are they referred to as?

A

Only replicate in a living host cell

Referred to as intracellular parasites

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24
Q

Describe multicellular Animal Parasites

What are some examples?

A

Eukaryotes
Multicellular animals

Parasitic flatworms, roundworms which are called (helminths)

Microscopic stages in life cycle

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25
Q

What is the classification of organisms

A

By Three Domains

1- Bacteria

2- Archaea

3- Eukarya

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26
Q

How is the domain Eukarya broken down?

A

Kingdoms:

  • protists
  • fungi
  • plants
  • animals
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27
Q

What was considered the first life on earth?

A

Ancestors of bacteria were the first life on Earth

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28
Q

When was the first microbe observed?

A

1673

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29
Q

Who reported that living things were composed of little boxes, or cells?

A

Robert Hooke in 1665

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30
Q

Who stated that cells arise from preexisting cells?

A

Rudolf Virchow 1858

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31
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

All living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells

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32
Q

Who was the first to describe live microorganisms and what did he call them?

How did he see them

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first to describe live microorganisms and he called them animalcules.

He saw them under a microscope he made

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33
Q

What is spontaneous generation?

A

The hypothesis that living organisms arise from no living matter; a vital force forms life. Meaning God made life

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34
Q

What is biogenesis:

A

The hypotheses that the living organisms arise only from preexisting life

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35
Q

Who was the first to attempt to find evidence of either spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

A

Francesco Redi in 1668

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36
Q

What was Francesco Reid’s experiment?

A

He wanted to disprove spontaneous generation

Three jars covered with fine net. = no maggots

Three open jars = maggots appeared

Jars with plug = no maggots

This is spontaneous generation

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37
Q

What did set out to disprove the cell theory with boiled broth? What was the out come?

A

John Needham in 1745

Boiled broth then transferred to sealed flask and the results were microbial growth
He thought this could only be spontaneous generation because he didn’t take into account the microbes in the air due to he had no idea

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38
Q

Who also boiled nutrient solutions in flasks to support biogenesis and said that heat destroyed the vital force?

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani in 1765

Placed nutrient broth in flask then heated it and sealed it. No transferring! His results were no microbial growth

He thought it was biogenesis

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39
Q

Who was the first to demonstrate that microorganisms are present in the air? What did he prove?

A

Louis Pasteur in 1861

His S-shaped flask kept microbes out but let air in. Microbes couldn’t move upward in the tube to affect the contents in the flask

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40
Q

When is the Golden Age of Microbiology? What was the start of this age?

A

1857-1914

Louis Pasteur’s work is where it began and later Koch

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41
Q

During this period what discoveries were made?

A

The relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs
Chemical activation of microorganisms
Improved microscopy techniques
Vaccines were developed
Surgical techniques to prevent infections

42
Q

Who showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation?

What is fermentation used for?

A

Pasteur showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation, which is the conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine) no O2

43
Q

What else is microbial growth responsible for during the discovery of fermentation and pasteurization

A

Microbial growth is responsible for food spoilage

Bacteria that use alcohol and produce acetic acid spoil wine (by souring and spoilage) by turning it to vinegar (acetic acid) in the presence of O2.

44
Q

How did Pasteur show that spoilage bacteria could be killed?

A

It could be killed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine

45
Q

What is the term for the application of heat for a short period of time to food to prevent spoilage?

A

Pasteurization

46
Q

What is the definition of Ubiquitous?

What did Pasteur show?

A

Microorganisms are present in no living matters: air, liquid, and solid, this is referred to as Ubiquitous.

Microbial life can be destroyed by heat

We can block the entry of microbes to nutrient environment (Aseptic technique)

47
Q

What is the germ theory of disease?

A

Referred to the idea that microorganisms cause disease

48
Q

Who showed that a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus

A

Agostino Bassi 1835

49
Q

Who believed that another silkworm disease was caused by a protozoan

A

Louis Pasteur 1865

50
Q

Who advocated that hand washing to prevent transmission of puerperal (childbed fever) fever from one patient to another?

A

Ignaz Semmelweis 1840

51
Q

Who used a chemical disinfectant (phenol to clean fomites) to prevent surgical wound infections?

What did this prove?

A

Joseph Lister

It further proved Pasteur’s point that microbes cause infections

52
Q

Who provided the most important evidence that a specific microbe causes a specific disease?

A

Robert Koch proved that bacillus anthracite caused anthrax, he gave all of his experimental steps called “Koch’s Postulates”

53
Q

What are Koch’s postulates?

A
  1. Microorganism should be found in blood of infected animal
  2. Then culture bacteria on nutrients
  3. Then inject culture (bacteria) into a healthy animal
  4. When the animal dies, the same bacteria should be isolated (found) in their blood.
54
Q

Who was the first person to come up with vaccination and what was the vaccine?

A

Edward Jenner in 1796 inoculate a person with cowpox virus (mild form), this then protected them from small pox

55
Q

How did Jenner continue to inoculate individuals for small pox?

A

He took scrapings from cowpox blisters and inoculated healthy individuals

56
Q

Where was vaccination derived from?

What is this protection called?

A

From vacca, for cow

Protection is called immunity

57
Q

How did Pasteur figure out how the process of vaccination worked?

What was the outcome of his studies?

A

He studied cholera in chickens

He found that bacteria lost the ability to cause disease over time (virulence)

If grown for a long time in the lab the bacteria became (avirulence)

58
Q

Define Chemotherapy?

A

Treatment with chemical is Chemotherapy

59
Q

Chemotherapeutic agents consisted of what hand what were they used to treat?

A

Used to treat infections disease can be synthetic drugs or antibiotics

60
Q

Define antibiotics

A

Chemicals that are produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes

61
Q

Who created the first synthetic drugs?

What are some examples of the first synthetic drugs?

A

Paul Erlich

Speculated about a “magic bullet” that could destroy a pathogen without harming the host

1910 he developed synthetic arsenic drug “Salvarsan” to treat syphilis

Quinine from tree bark was long used to treat malaria

1930’s the sulfonamides were synthesized

62
Q

Who discovered the first antibiotic and what was it?

A

Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic

Penicillium fungus made the antibiotic penicillin

63
Q

What does penicillin kill and what was done with this discovery?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

1940, penicillin was tested clinically and then mass produced

64
Q

What are the modern developments in Microbiology?

Define them

A

Bacteriology- the study of bacteria

Mycology- study of fungi

Virology- study of viruses

Parasitology- study of Protozoa and parasitic worms

65
Q

Define immunology?

What its being used to study immunology?

A

Immunology is the study of immunity

Vaccines and interferons are being investigated to prevent and cure viral diseases

66
Q

What was Rebecca Lancefield’s contribution to immunology?

A

1933- The use of immunology to identify some bacteria according to serotypes

67
Q

Define microbial genetics?

A

The study of how microbes inherit traits

68
Q

Define molecular biology?

A

The study of how DNA (gene) directs protein synthesis

69
Q

Define Genomics?

A

The study of an organism’s genes, has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms

70
Q

Define recombinant DNA

Who was responsible for developing this?

A

DNA made from two different sources

Paul Berg inserted animal DNA into bacterial DNA (cloning), and the bacteria produced an animal protein

71
Q

In 1941 who showed that genes encode a cell’s enzymes?

A

George Beadle and Edward Tatum

72
Q

Who showed that DNA was the hereditary material?

A

Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty

73
Q

In 1961 who discovered the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

A

Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod

74
Q

The Elemental cycle is what?

A

Bacteria recycle carbon, nutrients, sulfur, and phosphorus that can be used by plants and animals

This plays a major role in supporting life

75
Q

Who studied the phenomenon of the elemental cycle? What is an example?

A

Winogradsky

E.g. Nitrogen fixations by Rhizopus: converts N2 gas into a form that can be used by other organisms

Example is sewage treatment plants use this method to clean sewage

76
Q

What is bioremediation?

A

Bacteria degrade organic matter in sewage

77
Q

What is another example of what bacteria can degrade?

A

Bacterial degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oil and mercury

Ex. Pseudomonas

78
Q

How have we moved past using chemical pesticides and what is the benefits?

A

(Biological Insecticides) Microbes that are pathogenic to insects are alternatives to chemical pesticides in preventing damage to agricultural crops and disease transmission

79
Q

Define Bacillus thuringiensis?

A

Infections are fatal in many insects but harmless to other animals, including humans and to plants.

80
Q

What are some of the uses of Biotechnology?

A

The use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals like milk, curd is produced to make cheese etc…

81
Q

What technique is used for biotechnology, that enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins including vaccines and enzymes

A

Recombinant DNA technology

82
Q

What are some example of what recombinant DNA technology is used for?

A

Missing or defective genes in human cells can be replaced in gene therapy

Genetically modified bacteria are used to protect crops from insects and from freezing

83
Q

What was the original term for microbes and what has this term been replaced with?

A

Flora

Microbiota

84
Q

Define normal Microbiota?

A

Microbes that are normally present in and on the human body are normal Microbiota

85
Q

What are the benefits of normal Microbiota?

A

prevent growth of pathogens
Produce growth factors such as folic acid and vitamin K

We are resistant to these microbes though!

86
Q

What is resistance?

A

The ability of the body to ward off disease

87
Q

What are some resistance factors?

A

Include skin, Stomach acid, and antimicrobial chemicals

88
Q

What microbes attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses?

Where do they grow?

A

Biofilms

they grow on rocks, pipes, teeth, and medical implants

89
Q

What is infectious diseases?

A

When a pathogen over comes the host’s resistance, disease results

90
Q

What is Emerging infectious diseases (EID’s)?

A

New diseases and diseases that are increasing in incidence

91
Q

What is Avian influenza A (bird Flu)

A

Influenza A virus (H5N1)

Primarily in waterfowl and poultry

2003 it killed millions of poultry and 23 people

92
Q

how does a bird pass H5N1

A

Some birds are carriers

Through saliva, and feces

93
Q

What is a carrier?

A

Carriers means = infected but do not show the symptoms of disease

94
Q

What is MRSA and how has it progressed and evolved?

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

1950 - a resistance to penicillin developed

1980 - Methicillin resistance developed

1990 - MRSA became resistant to vancomycin

95
Q

What is VISA and VRSA?

A

Vancomycin-intermediate-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Vancomycin-resistant S.aureus

96
Q

Explain West Nile Encephalitis (WNE)

What is it caused by and what is its history

A

Caused by West Nile Virus

First diagnosed in the West Nile region of Uganda in 1937
Appeared in New York in 1999
Virus carried by birds and transmitted to horses and humans by mosquitoes (via vector)

In 2004, 200 people were infected in the U.S.

97
Q

Mad cow disease is what disease?

What is it caused by?

A

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)

Caused by a prion (infectious protein)

-also causes Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD

98
Q

This was first seen in 1982 and is the leading cause of diarrhea worldwide?

A

Escherichia coli O157:H7

99
Q

This causes fever, hemorrhaging, and blood clotting

A

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever

Ebola virus

First identified near Ebola River, in the Congo

Outbreaks every few years

100
Q

This was first reported in 1976 and is responsible for 30% of diarrheal illness in developing countries

A

Cryptosporidiosis

Cryptosporidium Protozoa

In the US its transmitted via water

101
Q

This disease was first identified in 1981 and its a disease that is primarily sexually transmitted

A

(AIDS) Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Caused by HIV

HIV/AIDS in the U.S. 30% are female, and 75% are African American

102
Q

This is caused by Streptococcus and was reported in 1995

A

Flesh-Eating Bacteria

Micro Lecture (11 decks)

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