Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Micro Lecture > Chapter 11 Microbial World And You > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Microbial World And You Flashcards

1
Q

How are the domains and kingdoms now classified?

A

Via rRNA signatures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Peptidoglycan rRNA signatures gives rise to what Domain?

Pseudomurein rRNA signature gives rise to what Domain?

A

Domain Bacteria

Domain Archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Domain Bacteria is broken down by what distinction

A

Gram - and Gram +

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Gram negative Bacteria is further broken down into what two groups?

A

Proteobacteria and Nonproteobacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How is Gram positive bacteria broken down by?

A

Low G+C nucleotides and High G+C nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In Domain Bacteria, how did Proteobacteria get its name?

What are its Characteristics?

A

From the mythical Greek god Proteus, who could assume MANY SHAPES

Gram Negative

Chemoheterotrophic

They have a photosynthetic ancestor
The relationship is based on nucleotide sequence of ribosomal RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How are the subgroups designated by?

Give the names?

A 
Subgroups are designated by Greek letters
Alphaproteobacteria
Betaproteobacteria
Gammaproteobacteria
Deltaproteobacteria
Epsilonproteobacteria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the characteristics of alpha bacteria?

What is the most abundant living organism on earth and where is it found?

A

Capable of growth at low level nutrients

Some with unusual morphology such as: prosthecae- stalks or buds

Pelagibacter ubique: the most abundant living organism on earth in the ocean

They are very small; only 1354 genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the human pathogens?

A

Bartonella
Brucellosis
Ehrilichia
Rickettsia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Bartonella?

A

-B. henselae: cat scratch disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Brucella?

What does it cause and its key features?

A

causes Brucellosis or Malta Fever

Fluctuating fever that spikes every afternoon that is why it is called Undulant Fever

Survives phagocytosis

Ingestion of contaminated milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Ehrilichia? What are its characteristics and how is it transmitted?

A

Transmitted by ticks

Causes the disease Ehrilichiosis (fever, chills, nausea)
It’s a tick-borne human disease
Obligate Intracellular parasites (WBC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Rickettsia? Characteristics?

A

Rickettsia: Arthropod-borne. Cause number of diseases know as spotted fever group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the three forms of Rickettsia and how are they transmitted?

A

R. prowazekii - Epidemic Typhus. Transmitted by lice

R. typhi- Ednemic Murine Typhus. Transmitted by the Rat Flea

R. rickettsii - Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Transmitted by tick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

For Alphaproteobacteria, they have a prosthecae? What is it and what is it’s purpose?

A

Have a prosthecae (stalk)

Used for attachment and nutrient absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do alpha reproduce?

A

No binary fission

Reproduce by bidding (Asexual reproduction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What Stalked bacteria are found in lakes?

A

Caulobacter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What budding bacteria are found in lakes? Where else do these grow?

A

Hyphomicrobium

They also grow in lab water baths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Agrobacteriaum?

What is type of research is it important in?

A

Plant pathogen

They insert a plasma into plant cells, inducing a tumor called a Crown Gall

Important in Biotechnology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Alphaproteobacteria use what for energy? How do they do this?

A

They are Chemoautotophic and oxidize nitrogen for energy

They fix CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How is nitrogen oxidized for Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter?

A

Nitrosomonas: NH3 (ammonia).–> NO2- (nitrite)

Nitrobacter: NO2- ( nitrite) —> NO,- (nitrate; a better nitrogen source for plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are these nitrogen using bacteria called and what are they important for?

A

Nitrifying Bacteria

They are important for agriculture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does Azosprillum and Rhizobium have in common?

A

Both are nitrogen fixing bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the characteristics of Azospirillum? Are they aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Anaerobes

Lives in close association with the roots of plants (beans legumes)

Nitrogen fixation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the characteristics of Rhizobium? Where do they do nitrogen fixation?

A

Fix nitrogen in the roots of plants (symbiosis)

They induce nodules so important in agriculture by infects the roots of plants beans legumes clovers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is Acetobacter and Gluconobacter? What is their significance?

What does this produce in industry?

What can this destroy?

A

Produce acetic acid form ethanol, so important to industry

They are aerobic

Ethanol to Acetic acid (vinegar)

This spoils wine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the general characteristics of Betaproteobacteria?

A

Use Hydrogen gas, ammonia and methane

Some are pathogens

It overlaps with alpha

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is Thiobacillus (Acidithiobacillus)?

What do they oxidize (from what to what)?

A

Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria: Chemoautotrophic

The obtain energy by oxidizing:

H2S or S (elemental sulfur). To SO42- (sulfate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is Spirillum?

What type of energy source and carbon sources does Spirillum use?

Where are they found

A

Chemoheterotrophic, helical

In fresh water

They are Gram negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How are Spirillum and Spirochetes different?

A

Spirillum are motile by a polar flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is Sphaerotilus natans?

Energy, and carbon source type?

Where are they found

A

Chemoheterotrophic; that form sheaths

Found in fresh water and sewage

Gram negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does Sphaerotilus natans have for protection?

What is one if the problems that this contributes to ?

A

Sheath is for protection and nutrient accumulation

Contributes to bilking; a problem in sewage treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is Neisseria?

Energy and carbon source?

Where are they commonly found?

A

Chemoheterotrophic; aerobic cocci

Gram negative

Normal Microbiota of the mucous membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the pathogenic species of Neisseria?

What do they cause?

A

N.meningitidis: causes meningitis

N.gonorrhoea: causes gonorrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is Bordetella?

What does it cause?

Energy and carbon source?

A

Chemoheterotrophic, gram negative, non motile, rods

B.pertussis: causes whooping cough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is Burkholderia?

What does it cause and where is it primarily found?

Is it motile and if so how?

A

All motile with polar flagella or tuft.

Gram -

Nosocomial (hospital) infections or Healthcare-associated infections (HAI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the best know species of Burkholderia and where does it grow?

What is this a problem in specific patients? What does it do to their respiratory tract?

A

B.cepacia: can grow in disinfectants, can degrade more than 100 different organic molecules ad contaminate hospital equipment and drugs

Problem in cystic fibrosis patients because it metabolizes accumulated respiratory secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What HAI’s are the greatest since 2011

A

Pneumonia

Surgical site infection from any inpatient surgery

Gastrointestinal illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

In 2014 there was a HAI study published, what was the results?

A

2011- there were ~ 722,000 HAI’s in US acute care hospitals

And additionally, about 75,000 patients with HAI’s dies during their hospitalization.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the Betaproteobacteria Zoogloea?

A

Important in sewage-treatment processes such as the activated sludge system.

They form fluffy, slimy mass which is important in the activated sludge system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the largest subgroup of Proteobacteria?

A

Gammaproteobacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are Pseudomonadales? Pseudomonas?

Are the motile and how?

A

Gram - aerobic rods or cocci

Rods are motile with polar flagella either single or tuft

Opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Describe Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

What does it cause

A

Produces a soluble blue-pigmentation

In weakened patients it can cause: urinary tract infections, but, wound, septicemia, abscesses and meningitis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Where can P.aeruginosa grow,a new what type of respiration doe they perform?

where are they found?

A

Can grow in the fridge

Although aerobic, can also upset nitrate to perform anaerobic respiration meaning use nitrogen and final electron acceptor (loss of nitrogen in fertilizer)

They are found in soil and water

They can decompose pesticides that are added to soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is Moraxella lacunata?

What does it cause?

A

Aerobic coccobacilli

Cause Conjunctivitis: inflammation of the eye membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are Azotobacter and Azomonas?

What is their primary function?

A

Nitrogen fixing

Free living in the soil and important in agriculture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is Legionella?

Where is it found and what does it cause?

A

Found in Streams, warm-water pipes, cooling towers.

Intracellular parasites

Causes L.pneumophila (Leginnaires’ disease)

Outbreak in NY 2015

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is Coxiella burnetii?

What does it cause and how is it transmitted?

What is now done to stop this?

A

Causes Q fever and transmitted by contaminated milk from cattle ticks that harbor the organism.

That is why milk is pasteurized

It’s and intracellular parasite

May form endospores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is Gammaproteobacteria Vibrio?

What type of respiration does it do?

Where is it found

A

Anaerobic Gram negative curved rods that are found in mostly aquatic habitats - coastal water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are two species that are pathogenic of Vibrio?

What do they cause?

A

V.cholerae causes cholera

V.parahaemolyticus: causes gastroenteritis from raw undercooked shellfish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is Enteronacteriaceae? What else are they called

Where are they found?

A

Facultative anaerobic gram negative rods

Also called enterics or coliform

They inhabit the intestinal tract of humans and animals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

How do Enterobacteriaceae move?

A

They are Peritrichous flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What are the characteristics of Enterobacteriacea?

A

Have fimbriae which help them adhere to surface or mucous membrane

Have sex pili to exchange genetic material which often included antibiotic resistance

Ferment glucose and other carbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are some of the important genera of Enterobacteriaceae?

A 
Enterobacter
Erwinia
Escherichia
Klebsiella
Proteus
Salmonella
Serratia
Shigella
Yersinia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is Escherichia coli? What are its characteristics?

A

Produces bacteriocin: lyses closely related bacteria. It’s a facultative anaerobe that inhabits the human intestinal tract. (Which this form is not a pathogen)

Some produce toxins E.coli O157:H7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What can E.coli cause?

A

Could cause urinary infections and traveler’s diarrhea (which is a food-borne disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is Samonella and what are its characteristics?

Where is it found?

A

All are pathogens

Found in the normal Microbiota of intestinal tract of poultry and cattle which are warm blooded animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What species which is pathogenic is divided into more art 2400 serovars?

A

Salmonella enterica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What does Serotype mean?

What is a Serovars of S. enterica?

A

Serovars or serotypes are serological varieties that is often used to mean the same thing

S.typhimurium is a serovars of S.enterica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What it’s the Kauffman-White scheme and what does it depend on?

A

The Kauffman-White scheme is serotyping and it depends on antigens (Ag) on

K capsule

O cell wall

H flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What does S.typhi cause?

A

Causes typhoid fever (the most sever)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is Samonellosis?

A

Less sever that typhoid fever and is caused by salmonella

Less severe gastrointestinal disease

Common food-borne illness

63
Q

What is Shigella?

What is it caused by?

A

Only found in humans

Causes bacillary dysentery or shigellosis

It’s second to E.coli causing traveler’s diarrhea

64
Q

What is Klebsiella? Where is it commonly found?

What is its primary diet?

What does it primarily cause?

A

Found in soil or water

Capable of fixing nitrogen form the atmosphere

Causes nosocomial infections

K.pneumoniae causes pneumonia

65
Q

What is Serratia marcescens?

What distinguishes it? Where is it commonly found?

A

Production of red pigment

Found on catheters, in saline irrigation solutions

Cause urinary and respiratory nosocomial infections

66
Q

What is Yersinia pestis?

What dose it cause and who carries it?

A

causes plague: the Balck Death of medieval Europe

Rats carry the bacteria and ground squirrels in the American Southwest carry it

Fleas transmit the organism as (vectors)

Respiratory droplets, bits and contact is also the cause of transmission

67
Q

What is Bubonic Plague?

A

Called this due to the swelling of lymph nodes

NOT spread from person to person

68
Q

What is Septicemic plague?

A

When bacteria enter the blood and causes septic shock

69
Q

What is Pneumonic plague?

What does it result in?

How is it spread

A

Infection of the lungs.

100% mortality

Can spread from person to person through aerosols

70
Q

What is Erwinia? What does it cause and how does it cause it?

A

Primarily a plant pathogen

Causes soft-rot diseases

The enzymes hydrolyze pectin in plants that cause the cells to separate.

71
Q

What is Enterobacter cloacae and E.aerogenes?

What do they cause and where are they found?

A

Cause urinary tract infection

Found in water, sewage and soil

72
Q

What is Pasturellales (Pasteurella)?

A

They are non-motile and best now as human and domestic animal pathogens

Pasteurella is mainly a pathogen of domestic animals

73
Q

What is Pasteurella multocida?

A

Causes septicemia in cattle and fowl cholera in chickens

It can be transmitted to man by dogs and cat bites

74
Q

What does Proteus mirabilis cause?

A

Cause urinary tract, wound infection, infant diarrhea

They are motile, swarming (spreading)

75
Q

What is Haemophilus Influenzae?

Where is it found and what does it cause and in who?

A

Inhabits mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, vagina and intestinal tract

Causes meningitis in children

Is NOT the cause of Influenza

76
Q

What does Haemophilus require to survive?

A

Requires blood because they are unable to synthesize important parts of the cytochrome system, therefore they need substances from the heme fraction called the X-factor of blood hemoglobin

77
Q

What is the V-factor that is a cofactors that is also needed by Haemophilus?

What are the X and V factors used for?

A

(NAD+, NADP+)

In clinical settings the X and V factors are used to identify isolates of the Haemophilus species

78
Q

What is H.ducreyi?

A

Causes sexually transmitted disease called Chancroid

79
Q

Describe a colony of Proteus mirabilis?

A

A swarming colony that shows concentric rings of growth

80
Q

What is Francisella? What type of energy is needed and how does it grow in the lab?

A

Chemoheterotrophic: grows only in complex media that is enriched with blood

81
Q

What type if disease is Francisella? Who is affected by it?

A

It’s it s zoonotic disease: meaning diesels of animals transmissible to humans.

Reservoir is rabbit therefore it is also called Rabbit Fever

82
Q

What cause Tularemia (septicemia)

A

Francisella tularensis causes Tularemia

83
Q

What is the Deltaproteobacteria?

A

Include some bacteria that are predators on other bacteria. Bacteria in this group are slo important contributors to the sulfur cycle.

84
Q

What is the Deltaproteobacteria Bdellovibrio?

A

Predators on other Gram - bacteria it attached tightly and after penetrating the outer layer of the bacteria, it reproduces within the periplasm causing the host cell to lyse.

85
Q

What is Desulfovibrio?

What is its final electron acceptor and what type of anaerobe is it?

A

Sulfur-reducing bacteria

S as the final electron acceptor

Obligate anaerobe

86
Q

Where is Desulfovibrio found and what does it produce?

A

Found in anaerobic sediment and in the human intestinal tract

Produces H2S rotten egg gas

Because H2S is not used as a nutrient, this type of metabolism is called dissimilatory.

87
Q

What is Myxococcus or Myxococcales?

How do they move?

A

Classified among the fruiting and gliding bacteria

Vegetative cells of the Myxobacteria move by gliding and leave behind a slime trail.

88
Q

Large numbers of Myxococcus aggregate to form?

What is differentiation is cause by what?

What do they resemble?

A

Resting Cells aggregate to form myxospores.

Under proper conditions, spores will germinate, which is triggered by low nutrients

Resemble Eukaryotic cellular slime molds

89
Q

What is Epsilonproteobacteria?

How do they mover?

A

Slender gram-negative rods that are helical or curved

Motile by flagella

They are microaerophilic

90
Q

What is campylobacter fetus?

What is C. jejuni?

A

Campylobacter fetus is causes abortion in animals

C. jejuni causes food born intestinal disease

Both are vibrios

91
Q

What is Helicobacter pylori?

A

Curved rods with multiple flagella

Causes ulcers and stomach cancer

92
Q

What is the formula for Oxygenic photosynthesis?

What does it use?

A

2H20 + CO2 —–> (CH2O) + H2O + O2
Light

Uses Oxygen

93
Q

What is the formula for Anoxygenic photosynthesis?

what does it use?

A

2H2S + CO2 ——–> (CH2O) + H2O + 2S0
Light

Uses Sulfur not oxygen

94
Q

What is Cyanobacteria?

A

Oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria

Used to be called blue-green algae
Aerobic
Gliding motility
They are capable of fixing nitrogen from the atmosphere
Filamentous with sheath
95
Q

How do they fix nitrogen?

A

Fix nitrogenby using specialized cells called Heterocyst (anaerobic)

They fix nitrogen gas in to ammonium (NH4+)

96
Q

What type of Cyanobacteria divide by binary fission?

A

A unicellular, nonfilamentous and they are held together by a surrounding glycocalyx

97
Q

What are Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria?

A

They live in sediments

They can use H2S instead of H2O

Some may also use organic compounds, such as acids and carbohydrates

98
Q

What are the 4 types of bacteria that do not use O2 but either use H2S or other organic compounds?

A

Purple sulfur bacteria
Purple nonsulfur bacteria
Green sulfur bacteria
Green nonsulfur bacteria

99
Q

What are Chlamydias. Characteristics?

A

Gram negative

No peptidoglycan in cell wall

They are interacellular parasites like Rikettsia

100
Q

What is Chlamydia trachomatis?

A

Gram - Coccus bacteria which is the infective agent.

Transmitted by interpersonal contact or by airborne respiratory routes

101
Q

What disease does Chlamydia trachomatis cause?

A

Trachoma (blindness)

Urethritis and STD’s

102
Q

What is Chlamydophila pneumoniae?

A

Mild form of pneumonia that is found in young adults

103
Q

What is Chlamydophila psittaci?

A

Causative agent of the respiratory disease psittacosis

Psittacosis: a disease of birds that could be transmitted to man

104
Q

What are Bacteroides?

Where are they found?

A

Anaerobic and gram negative

Bacteroides are found in the mouth and large intestine

105
Q

What do bacteroides cause?

A

Cause peritonitis: inflammation of the bowel

106
Q

What is Fusobacteria?

A

Anaerobes, pleomorlphic, spindle shaped

107
Q

Where are Fusobacterium and what types of diseases are they involved in?

A

Are found in the mouth and may be involved in dental diseases.

They are slender gram negative bacteria with pointed ends

108
Q

What are Spirochetes

A

Have a coiled morphology, resembling a metal spring

Motile by at least 2 axial filaments (or endoflagella) that rotates in the opposite direction like a corkscrew

Found in the oral cavity

109
Q

What is Treponema pallidum?

A

Causes syphilis

110
Q

What is Borrelia?

What does it cause?

A

Causes relapsing fever and Lyme disease

111
Q

What is B. burgdorgeri, what does it cause?

A

Causes Lyme disease
Transmitted by ticks or lice.

Ticks must remain on host for 36-48 hours to transmit the spirochetes

112
Q

What is Leptospira?

A

Causes leptospirosis

Spread by water contaminated wth urine of dog, rats, swine

113
Q

How are Gram positive bacteria classified? What are the two groups?

A

Classification is based on G+C contents

Those that have high G+C ratio and those that have low G+C ratios

114
Q

Firmicutes have what G+C ratios

A

Low G+C ratios

They are gram + bacteria

115
Q

Firmicutes include what two endospore forming bacteria?

A

Clostridium and Bacillus

116
Q

What is Clostridium?

A

Endospore-producing that are important in medicine and food

Obligate anaerobes

117
Q

What is C.tetani?

A

Causes tetanus

118
Q

What is C.botulinum?

A

Causes botulism

119
Q

What is C.perfringens?

A

Causes gas gangrene and food-borne diarrhea

120
Q

What is C.difficile?

A

Normal inhabitant of intestinal tract

Could cause senior diarrhea if antibiotics kill other organism and let overgrowth by toxin-producing strains

121
Q

What is Epulopiscium?

What does the name mean

A

Lack nutrient transport systems, use simple diffusion to obtain nutrients

Large cigar-shaped
Live symbiotically in the gut of Red Sea Surgeon Fish
Name means guest at the banquet

122
Q

How does the Epulopiscium reproduce?

Describe internal structures?

A

Does not reproduce by binary fission

Daughter cells are formed within the cell and are released through a slit opening

Has flagella and didn’t have a membrane enclosed nucleus

123
Q

What is the morphology of Bacillaes?

A

Includes several genera of Gram + rods and cocci

124
Q

What is Bacillus?

A

Endospore-productions rods

Found in soil and few are harmful to humans

Some produce antibiotics

125
Q

What is B.anthracis?

What is the disease?

A

Non-motile, facultative anaerobe that forms chains.

Causes anthrax

Anthrax is the disease of cattle, sheep and horses that can be transmitted to man

Agent of biological warfare

126
Q

What is B.thuringiensis?

A

Best know microbial insect pathogen that produces Intracellular crystals when it sporulates.

127
Q

What is B.cereus

A

Cause of food poisoning primarily in starchy foods such as rice

128
Q

What is Staphylococcus?

A

Grape-like cluster of cocci

Facultative anaerobes

129
Q

What is the most important species of Staphylococcus?

What are its characteristics?

A

S.aurues: yellow pigmented colonies- also facultative anaerobes

Found in nasal secretions

130
Q

Where does S.aurues grow?

A

Grows in food with high osmotic pressure, like cured foods: ham, and cured meats or in low moisture foods that tend to inhibit growth.

131
Q

What does S.aurues cause?

What are the symptoms

A

Produces toxins can cause toxic shock syndrome

High fever, vomiting and sometimes death

Infects surgical wounds in hospitals

Also produces Enterotoxin that causes vomiting and nausea which is the common cause of food poisoning

132
Q

What is Lactobacillus?

Where is it found?

A

Used for lactic acid production and fermentation of buttermilk, yogurt, and sauerkraut

Normal Microbiota of the Vagina, intestinal tract, mouth (oral cavity)

Most lack a cytochrome system and are unable to use oxygen as a final electron acceptor

133
Q

What is Streptococcus?

A

Spherical gram + bacteria that appear in chains

They are probably more responsible for causing illness and a greater variety of diseases than any other group of bacteria.

They make products that protect them from phagocytosis

They spread infection by digesting the host’s tissues

134
Q

How are Streptococcus classified?

A

Classified based on action on blood agar.

Alpha-hemolytic: produces alpha hemolysis that reduces: hemoglobin Red—>methemoglobin (greening)

Beta-hemolytic: produces hemolysis that create a clear zone on blood agar

Gamma-hemolytic: non-hemolytic

135
Q

What is Streptococcus pyrogens, and what does it cause?

A

Beta hemolytic

Causes scarlet fever
Pharyngitis
Pneumonia
Rheumatic fever

136
Q

What is Streptococcus mutans?

A

Causes dental caries (cavities)

137
Q

What is Enteococcus and what does it cause?

A

They adapt to area of the body that are rich in nutrients but low in oxygen like the gastrointestinal track, vagina, oral cavity and stool.

Responsible for nosocomial infections that have developed a high antibiotic resistance

138
Q

What is E.faecalis and E.faecium cause?

A

Responsible for wound and urinary tract infections

They are resistant to most antibiotics

139
Q

What is Listeria? What does it cause?

L.monocytogenes?

Where do they grow?

Who are they the most problematic to?

A

Can contaminate food

Contaminate dairy products

They survive phagocytosis
Grows at refrigerator temps
Infection in pregnant women poses serious damage to the fetus

140
Q

What are Mycoplasma? What are their characteristics?

A

They are wall-less; pleomorphic many shapes

Very small .1 - 0.24 micrometer

No gram-stain

Produces filaments like fungus (myco)

141
Q

What does Mycoplasma pneumoniae cause?

A

Causes walking pneumonia (mild)

142
Q

What does Mycoplasma look like?

What environment do they need to grow?

A

Look like a fried egg appearance

Need sterol in media to grow

Grow in cell culture

143
Q

Which phylum has High G+C Gram positive bacteria in it?

A

Actinobacteria

144
Q

What is mycobacterium?

What is M.tuberculosis?

A

Aerobic, non-endospore-forming rods

Have a waxy cell wall made of mycolic acid

M.tuberculosis causes the disease tuberculosis

145
Q

What it Streptomyces?

A

Best known of the Actinomycetes

Found in soil
Strict anaerobe
Most produce antibiotics

Produce a musty odor

146
Q

How do Streptomyces reproduce?

A

Reproduces by forming asexual spores called Conidiospores

The spores travel and land on substrate and germinate

147
Q

What is Actinomyces and where are they found?

A

Facultative anaerobes that are found in the mouth and throat of humans and animals

148
Q

What is Actinomyces israelii? What does it cause?

A

Causes actinomycosis which is a tissue destroying disease

149
Q

What is Corynebacterium? Describe it characteristics?

What is C.diptheriae?

A

Coryne= clubs shaped

C.diptheriae is the causative agent of diphtheria which causes bacterial infection of the upper Respiratory system

150
Q

What is Propionibacterium?

What is P.acnes?

A

Produce propionic acid; important in fermentation of Swiss cheese

P.acnes cause acne that is found on human skin

151
Q

What is Gardnerella?

What is G.vaginalis?

A

Gram variable therefore hard to classify

G.vaginalis causes vaginitis

Frothy vaginal secretions with a characteristic fishy odor (whiff test) when tested with potassium hydroxide

152
Q

What is the characteristics of Domain Archaea?

What separates them from the two other Domains?

A

Lack cell wall. If they do, there is no peptidoglycan in cell wall

rRNA sequences are different from the other two Domains

They are rods, cocci, helixes and unusual morphology

153
Q

How do Archaea reproduce and what are their nutritional characteristics?

A

Some divide by binary fission, some by fragmentation, some by budding

They are nutritionally very diverse and live in extreme environments, such as chemoautotrophs, photoautotrophs and chemoheterotrophs

Micro Lecture (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions