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Micro Lecture > Chapter 12 Fungi > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

What is Mycology?

A

The study of fungi

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2
Q

What is the kingdom, nutritional type, multicellularity, cellular arrangement of fungi?

A

Kingdom: Fungi
Nutritional Typs: Chemoheterotroph
Multicellularity: All, except yeasts
Cellular arrangement: unicellular, filamentous, and fleshy

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3
Q

What is the food acquisition method and reproductive characteristic features of Fungi?

A

Food acquisition method: absorptive

Reproduce characteristics: sexual and Asexual spores

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4
Q

What is the cell type of fungi and bacteria?

What is the cell membrane difference between these two?

What is the difference in cell wall?

A

Cell type: fungi - Eukaryotic Bacteria - Prokaryotic

Cell membrane fungi- sterols present Bacteria- Sterols absent, except in Mycoplasma

Cell wall Fungi- Glucans; Mannans; chitin (NO peptidoglycan). Bacteria - peptidoglycan

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5
Q

What are the difference in spores between Fungi and Bacteria?

A

Fungi: sexual and asexual reproductive spores

Bacteria: Endospores (not for repro) some asexual reproductive spores

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6
Q

What is the difference in metabolism between Fungi and Bacteria?

A

Fungi: Limited to Heterotrophic; aerobic, facultatively anaerobic

Bacteria: Heterotrophic, autotrophic, aerobic, facultatively anaerobic, and anaerobic

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7
Q

What were the characteristics of fungi in the hospital (nosocomial) setting?

A

They can be pathogenic in people with compromised immune systems

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8
Q

How are fungi beneficial?

A

Decompose dead plants (enzyme cellulase)

Plants dependent on symbiotic fungi, called mycorrhizae to absorb minerals and water

Also food (mushroom, bread, alcohol)

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9
Q

What is the energy source of Fungi?

What type of respiration are fungi involved in?

A

All are Chemoheterotrophic: they need organic

Aerobic or Facultative anaerobe

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10
Q

What is referred to a vegetative structure of fungi?

A

Refers to fungal colonies that grows and are involved in catabolism and growth

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11
Q

What is the Thallus and Hyphae of Fungi?

A

Thallus: body of fleshy fungi consist of long filaments

Hyphae: the long filaments which grow in immense proportions.

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12
Q

Vegetative growth have two kinds of hyphae, what are they?

A

Septate: most molds the hyphae contain cross-walls called septa, which divide then into distinct, uninuclecate cell-like units.

Coenocytic: no septum. They appear long, continuous cells with many nuclei

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13
Q

Hyphae that absorbs nutrients are called?

A

Vegetative hyphae

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14
Q

Hyphae for repro are called?

A

Reproductive or Aerial hyphae

Aerial Hyphae produces aerial spores

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15
Q

Hyphae that grows to a big mass is called? When is this seen

How can this be seen

A

Mycelium when conditions are right these are grown

Visible to the naked eye

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16
Q

The body of molds are called what and what do they consist of?

A

The fungal Thallus (body) consists of Hyphae

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17
Q

A mass if hyphae is called?

A

Mycelium

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of Yeasts?

Where are they found?

A

Unicellular, nonfilamentous that are typically spherically or oval.

Facultative anaerobic growth

Frequently found as white powdery coating on fruits and leaves.

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19
Q

Which yeasts divide symmetrically give an example?

A

Fission yeasts divid evenly to produce two new cells.

E.x. Schizosaccharomyces

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20
Q

Which yeasts divid unleavened and are called what?

Give an example of these yeast and what they are used for?

A

Budding yeasts

E.x. Saccharomyces

Use to make beer, wine, bread etc…

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21
Q

If buds fail to detach, it forms what and what is the name given to this outcome?

Given an example

A

If bids fail to detach, it forms short chain of cells called Pseudohyphae

Ex. Candida albicans

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22
Q

In the presence of O2 what will yeast produce?

What about in the absence of 02?

A

They use carbohydrates into CO2 and water

In the absence of O2, they ferment Alcohol and CO2

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23
Q

What is Fungal Dimorphism?

A

Pathogenic species exhibit dimorphism meaning two forms of growth, meaning they can either be a mold or a yeast.

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24
Q

What is the determinate for when a pathogenic fungi is either a mold or a yeast?

A

Yeast-like @ 37 degrees C

Mold-like @ 25 degrees C

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25
Q

What is the life cycle of Fungi

A

Two:

Asexual: by Fragmentation of hyphae or spores

Sexual: by spores (can be sexually or Asexually)

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26
Q

How are fungi identified or classified by?

What are these classification things used for?

A

Identified or classified by Spores

Spores are for repro, unlike bacterial endospores that are survival

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27
Q

How are Asexual spores formed?

A

Formed by Hyphae of one organism and germinate producing similar organism

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28
Q

How are sexual spores formed?

A

Formed by fusion of nuclei from two opposite mating types of the same species, which will result in the new organism that will have genetic characteristics of both.

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29
Q

Asexual Reproduction has two types of spores what are they?

A

Conidiospore

Sporangiospore

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30
Q

What are the characteristics of a Conidiospore or Conidium?

Give an example of this?

A

Not enclosed in a sac

They are produced in a chain at he end of a Conidiophore

E.x Aspergillus flavus and Penicillum

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31
Q

Conidia formed by the fragmentation of a septate hypha in to single, slightly thickened cells are called?

Give an example?

A

Arthroconidia

E.x, Coccidioides immitis

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32
Q

How are Bastoconidia formed?

Give an example?

A

Formed from the buds of its parent cells

Ex. Candida albicans and Cryptococcus

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33
Q

What is a thick-walled spore formed by rounding and enlargement within a hyphae segment?

What happens to the cells?

Give an example

A

Chlamydoconidia

The cell rounds and enlarges

E.x C.albicans

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34
Q

Where are Sporangiospores formed?

Where is this located?

Give an example?

A

Formed within a sac called the Sporangium

Located at the end of an aerial hyphae called the sporangiophore

Ex. Rhizopus

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35
Q

Sexual Reproduction of Fungi consists of three phases, what are they?

A

Plasmogamy

Karyogamy

Meiosis

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36
Q

What takes place during Plasmogamy?

A

Haploid nucleus of the donor cell (+) penetrates the cytoplasm of the receipting cell (-)

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37
Q

What takes place during Karyogamy?

A

+ and - nuclei fuse to form diploid zygote

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38
Q

What takes place during meiosis?

A

Diploid nucleus produces haploid nuclei (sexual spores)

Some of which are genetic recombinants

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39
Q

What is a Zygospore?

A

Fusion of haploid cells produces one zygospore

The zygosporangium contains the zygospore

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40
Q

When and where are Ascospores formed?

Give an example?

A

Forms with the nuclei of two cells that cal be either morphologically similar or dissimilar fuse

Formed in a sac like structure called an ascus

Ex. Talaromyces

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41
Q

What is Basidiomycota?

What doe they produce and where are they formed?

A

Club fungi that produce mushrooms

They are formed externally on a pedestal called (basidium)

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42
Q

What are the nutritional adaptation of fungi?

How do they eat?

A

Chemoheterotrophic- needs organic

They absorb their food not ingest it

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43
Q

How are fungi different from bacteria?

-pH
Respiration
Pressure
Moisture

A

Prefer pH 5

Molds are aerobic. Yeasts are facultative anaerobe

Fungi are more resistant to high osmotic pressure and can also grow on low moisture content

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44
Q

Why can Fungi grow in odd places like the bathroom walls, shoe leather, and newspapers?

A

They can breakdown complex molecules (metabolize them) better than bacteria

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45
Q

What are the medically important phyla of Fungi?

A

Zygomycota
Ascomycota
Anamorphs- used to Deutromycota
Basidiomycota

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46
Q

What is a fungal infection called?

How long do they last

A

Mycosis

Generally long lasting infections because fungi grow slow

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47
Q

Mycoses are classified into five groups according to the degree of tissue involvement and mode of entry. What are they?

A

Systemic, subcutaneous, cutaneous, superficial, or opportunistic

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48
Q

What is zygomycota and what are they also called?

A

They are also called conjugation fungi

Are saprophytic molds that have coenocytic hyphae

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49
Q

How do Zygomycota repro?

A

Sporangiospores ( asexual) which are in the sporangium and they need a suitable medium to fall on to germinate in to a new mold thallus

Zygospores (sexual) this is a large spore enclosed in a think wall

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50
Q

What is an example of Zygomycota?

A

Rhizopus stolonifer, which is black bread mold.

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51
Q

What are Ascomycota?

How do they reproduce?

What does conidia mean?

A

They are also called Sac fungi include molds with septate hyphae and some yeasts

They reproduce asexually via spores called conidiospores from conidia. The slightest disturbance causes the release of the spores like dust

They also repro sexually. Ascospres are sexual and produced in a sac called Ascus

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52
Q

What are teleomorphic fungi?

A

They produce both asexually and sexually

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53
Q

What are anamorphs?

Give an example?

A

They are Ascomycetes that have lost the ability to reproduce sexually (previously Deuteromycota)

Produce ASEXUAL spores only

Penicillium that arose from a mutation in a teleomorph

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54
Q

How are Anamorphs classified?

What are a few examples?

A

-rRNA sequencing to classify these organisms

Sporothrix (subcutaneous mycosis)

Stachybotrys, Coccidioides, Pneumocystis (systemic mycoses)

Candida albicans (cutaneous mycoses)

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55
Q

What are Basidiomycota?

What do they produce

A

Also called club fungi that also posses septate hyphae.

Produce Mushrooms

56
Q

Where are the Basisiospores of Basidiomycota formed?

What else can they produce?

A

Basidiospores are formed on a base pedestal called a basidium. They are formed by meiosis

Some produce conidiospores

57
Q

What are some examples of pathogenic Basidiomycota?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans (systemic mycosis)

  • found in droppings of pigeons and transmitted in inhalation (airborne)
  • causes meningitis with a high mortality rate
58
Q

What are the Desirable Economical effects of Fungi?

Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Torulopsis
Trichoderma
Taxomyces

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae - beer, wine, bread (rising agent), also used in genetic engineering to produce Hep B vaccine

Torolopsis: protein supplement

Trichoderma: produces cellulase

Taxomyces: produces Taxol (anti cancer drug)

59
Q

Give an example of how fungi help the biological control of pests?

A

Entomophaga: kills gipsy moths

60
Q

What are the undesirable economical effects of Fungi?

A

Spoil food: they grow on jam, jellies, fruits, grain and vegetables

61
Q

What is Dutch Elm disease?

What is it cause by?

A

Creatocystis ulmi

It’s carried from tree to tree by a bark beetle. It blocks the trees circulation

62
Q

What is Phytophthora infestans?

What happened because of this?

A

In 1800, 1 million people died in Ireland due to starvation because the potato crop failed

63
Q

What are the 5 Fungal Diseases (Mycoses)?

A

Systemic Mycoses

Cutaneous mycoses

Subcutaneous mycoses

Superficial mycoses

Opportunistic mycoses

64
Q

What is systemic mycoses?

How are the spores transmitted?

A

Fungal infections deep within the body.

Come from fungi that live in the soil

Spores are transmitted by inhalation that begins in the lungs then spreads

They are contagious from human to human

65
Q

What is an example of Histoplasma capsulatum?

A

Causes Histoplasmosis

66
Q

What is cutaneous mycoses (or Dermatomycosis) ?

What are three examples?

A

Affects the hair skin, and nails

Ex. Dermatophytes and they produce keratinase

Ex. Microsporum, Trichhophyton, Epidermophyton

67
Q

What is subcutaneous mycoses?

What is an example and where is this found

A

beneath the skin from fungi that live in the soil and on vegetation

Spores enter through wound

Sporotrichosis by Sporothrix (gardeners hand)

68
Q

What are Superficial mycoses?

A

Localized along hair shafts and in superficial epidermal cells and are prevalent in tropical climates

69
Q

What are Opportunistic mycoses?

A

Generally harmless in its normal habitat but can become pathogenic in a host that is immunocompromized or who has been treated with broad spectrum antibiotics.

Caused by normal Microbiota or environmental fungi.

See in AIDS patients

70
Q

What does Aspergillosis cause?

A

Aspergillus which is in people with lung diseases or cancer that have inhaled the spores

71
Q

What does Candida albicans cause?

A

Candidiasis or yeast infections

Thrush: inflammation of the mouth and throat in AIDS patients

72
Q

Opportunistic

What is Stachybotrys?

A

Grows on cellulose and water-damaged walls

Produces toxic spores that causes pulmonary hemorrhage

73
Q

Opportunistic

What is Pneumocystis?

A

Causes pneumonia in AIDS patients

74
Q

What is Lichens?

A

Is a combination of a green alga (or Cyanobacterium) and fungus

Mutualistic symboisis between an algae (or cyanobacterium) and fungus meaning both inhabitant areas that neither can live alone in!

Algae produces and secrets carbohydrates; fungus provides holdfast

Their survival is dependent on each other

75
Q

What are the three types of Symbiotic Relationships of Lichens?

A

Mutualism

Commensalism

Parasitism

76
Q

The lichen’s thallus or body forms when fungal hyphae grow around algal cells to become what?

A

The Medulla

77
Q

What is formed with fungal hyphae project below the lichen body?

A

Rhizines or holdfasts

78
Q

What is the protective covering over the agal layer and sometimes under it as well?

A

The cortex

79
Q

What are the tree types of Lichens?

A

Fruticose- have finger like projections

Foliose- more leaf like

Crustose- grows flush or encrusted onto the substratum

80
Q

What are some of the economical effects of Lichens?

A

Erythrolitmin- Used as dye in litmus paper that is used for pH

Usinc acid from Usnea is used as an antimicrobial in china. Has been used for 1000 years

Also used as dyes for clothing

81
Q

What are Mycotoxins? What are some of the toxins that fungi produce?

What does Stacchybotrys produce?

A

Stacchybotrys produces Trichothecenes which stops protein synthesis

82
Q

What does C.albicans and Trichophyton produce?

A

Secret protease

83
Q

What does Claviceps purpurea cause?

A

The disease ergotism by producing toxin ergot (acts like LSD causing hallucination)

84
Q

What does Aspergillus produce?

A

Produces aflatoxin which is a carcinogen

Peanut butter are sometimes recalled for this

85
Q

What does Amanita phalloides produce?

A

Commonly known as death angel produces neurotoxin

86
Q

What are the characteristics of Algae?

A

Mostly aquatic

Unicellular or multicellular

Photoautotroph (chlorophyll)

Lack the roots and stems of plants

87
Q

What is the body of the multicellular called?

A

Thallus

88
Q

Without roots and stems how to algae anchor them selves?

How to they eat and reproduce?

A

Holdfast: anchors the algae to rocks

Absorbs nutrients over the entire surface

Produce sexually or asexually

89
Q

Where is agar extracted from?

A

From Red algae

90
Q

What is the life cycle of Unicellular Algae?

REPRODUCTION

A

Asexual: cell divides by mitosis and produces new cells (cytokinesis)
Multicellular algae with thalli and filamentous forms can fragment and each piece can form new thallus or filament

Sexual: Gametes fuse (fertilization to form zygote)

91
Q

What it Rhodophyta?

What are its characteristics?

A

Red algae

Have cellulose for cell walls

Most are multicellular

Store glucose polymer

Harvested for agar and carrageenan (food industry)

92
Q

Where is Red algae found?

What is the significance of its color?

A

Found in deeper depths of the ocean

Live at greater depths than other algae

The red pigments enable red algae to absorb the blue light that penetrates the deepest into the ocean

93
Q

What are the Chlorophyta?

What are its characteristics?

A

Green algae

They have cellulose for cell walls

Can be unicellular or multicellular

They also store glucose polymers

94
Q

What are Diatoms?

A

They are unicellular or filamentous algae with complex cell walls that consist of pectin and a layer of silica. The two parts fit together like halves of a Petri dish.

Fossilized diatoms formed oil

Some are poisonous

95
Q

What do poisonous diatoms produce?

What are the symptoms and how is it transmittted?

A

Produce domoic acid (neurotoxin)

Cause diarrhea and memory loss

Transmitted to humans by eating mussels that fed on poisonous diatoms

96
Q

What are Dinofalgellates?

A

Called plankton for free-floating organism

Unicellular algae

Their rigid structure is due to cellulose in the PM

97
Q

What does the Genus Alexandrium produce? Some Dinoflagellates produce this?

A

Produces neurotoxin called saxitoxins

This causes Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP)

They also produce 80% of the Earth’s Oxygen

Gives the ocean the red color

98
Q

Define Protozoa

A

Unicellular

Kingdom: protist

Mostly Chemoheterotroph

Some are normal flora of animals

99
Q

Under harsh conditions some Protozoa can form what?

Why does this happen?

A

Forms cysts.

This happens under certain adverse conditions and permits the organism to survive when food, moisture or oxygen are lacking, when temps are not suitable, or when toxic chemicals are present

100
Q

How do Protozoa reproduce?

A

Asexually by fission, budding or schizogony.

And sexually

101
Q

What is Schizogony?

A

Multiple fission; the nucleus undergoes multiple divisions before the cells divides and forms a new cell.

102
Q

Protozoa also reproduce sexually by?

A

2 methods

Conjugation and gamete production

Some Protozoa produce gametes which are haploid sex cells, the two gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote

103
Q

The Protozoa (ciliates) such as the paramecium do what type of sexual reproduction and how?

A

Conjugation

Each cells has a macronucleus and a micronucleus

The micronucleus migrate to other cells and fuses with the other cells micronucleus to produce daughter cells

104
Q

What is the vegetative state of Protozoa?

A

Trophozoite- the feeding and growing stage

Feeds on bacteria and small particulate nutrients

105
Q

How are Protozoa classified?

Sarcodina
Ciliophora
Mastigophora

A

Based on locomotion

Sarcodina: Pseudopod (Amoeba)

Ciliophora: Cilia (Paramacium)

Mastigophora: Flagella (Euglena)

106
Q

How do Protozoa get nutrition?

Where does digestion take place?

A

Some absorb food through their PM

Some have a mouth called a cytosome done by ciliates

Some by phagocytosis (amoeba)

Digestion takes place in vacuoles in all Protozoa

107
Q

What are the medically important phyla of Protozoa?

A 
Archaezoa
Microspora
Amoebozoa
Apicomplexa
Ciliophora
Euglenozoa
108
Q

What are Archaezoa?

A

No mitochondria. Have Mitosome: which a remnant of mitochondria

They have multiple flagella

109
Q

What is Trichomonas vaginalis?

What does it cause and how does this take place?

What are they lacking?

A

Infects the female vagina

No cyst stage

Transmitted by intercourse

Lacking mitochondria they have a mitosome which is a remnant of mitochondria

110
Q

What is Giardia lambia?

Where is it found and what does it cause?

A

Archaezoa parasite

Found in the small intestine of humans and other mammals

It comes out in the feces as a cyst

Causes giardiasis

111
Q

What are Microspora?

A

Like Archaezoa they have no mitochondria

They are obligate parasites

Reported since 1984 to be responsible for chronic diarrhea in AIDS patients

112
Q

What are the characteristics of Amoebozoa or amoebas?

What is Entamoeba histolytica and what does it cause?

A

Move by pseudopods

Entamoeba histolytica is the only pathogen that causes Amoebic dysentery which is transmitted by cyst

It attaches to the galactose of the PM and causes the cell to lysis

113
Q

What is Acanthamoeba cause and where is it found to infect?

A

Grows in water and infects the cornea and causes blindness

This can happen from unsanitary disinfecting of contact lenses

114
Q

What is Apicomplexa?

A

Obligate Intracellular parasites

They have complex life styles that involves transmission between several hosts

The tips contain and enzyme to penetrate hosts tissue

115
Q

What is an example of Apicomplexa?

A

Plasmodium: causes malaria that his transmitted by the mosquito Anopheles

116
Q

The mosquito is referred to a definitive host why?

A

It harbors the sexually reproducing stage of the plasmodium

117
Q

What is the infective stage called that the Anopheles harbors?

A

Called Sporozoite

118
Q

Where does Asexual reproduction of the plasmodium take place?

Where does the sexual repro take place of the plasmodium?

A

Asexual Reproduction takes place within the human host liver making merozoites.

The sexual repro takes place when another mosquito bites the human and ingest the formed gametocytes and then the male and female gametocytes fuse to form a zygote that develops into sporozoites

119
Q

What is another Apicomplexan that lives in the cells that line the small intestine?

What does it cause and how is it transmitted?

How are the sporozoites visible?

A

Cryptosporidium- causes diarrhea (gastroenteritis) by ingesting locust in contaminated water

Transmitted through feces of cows, cats, dogs

Sporozoites are visible inside the oocyst

Can be infected at a low dose

120
Q

How do you prevent cryptosporidium?

A

Do not swim during and for 2 weeks after diarrheal illness

Avoid swallowing pool water

Wash hands after using the restrooms or changing diapers

121
Q

What is the Apicomplexa Toxoplasma gondii?

A

Interacellular parasite of humans

The life cycle involves cats

The trophozoites called tachyzoites is the vegetative form that produces oocyst that contain sporozoite

The oocysts are excreted in cat feces

Also bad for pregnant women

122
Q

What is Cyclospora cayentanensis?

A

Causes diarrhea associated with snow peas

123
Q

What are the characteristics of Ciliates or Ciliophora?

A

Have and move by cilia that arranged in precise rows on the cells. Used for movement and to bring food to its mouth (cyostome)

They are complex cells

124
Q

What ciliate is the only human parasite?

What does it cause?

A

Balantidium coli

Causes dysentery because the cyst is ingested by the host,

125
Q

What are the characteristics of Eygleonzoa?

What are the two groups of them?

A

They move by flagella

Euglenoids

Hemoflagellates

126
Q

What are the Euglenoids?

A

They are photoautotrophs

Have a red eyespot which is the pigment carotenoid that senses light

127
Q

What are Hemoflagellates?

What is an example of one? What does it cause

A

Blood parasites that are transmitted by insects that bite the host. They have a long slender body and an undulating membrane

Trypanosoma gambiense- causes African sleeping sickness

128
Q

Trypanosoma gambiense is carried by what?

A

T.brucei transmitted by the Tsetse fly

129
Q

What does Trypanosoma cruzi cause?

A

Chagas’ disease

By the “kissing bug”

130
Q

What are slime molds?

A

Closely related to the amoebae

Have characteristics in common with fungi and amoeba

131
Q

What are the two taxa of Slime molds?

A

Cellular slime mold

Plasmodial slime mold

132
Q

Which slime mold taxa are typical eukaryotic cells and what do they resemble.

A

Cellular slime mold

Resemble the amoeba and they live and grow by indgesting fungi and bacteria by phagocytosis

133
Q

What happens when Cellular slime molds are faced wth unfavorable conditions?

Why does this occur, meaning what chemical messager is responsible for this occurring?

A

Large number of ameboid cells aggregate to form a single structure

Aggregation occurs because some produce cAMP that attract others to it this forms a slug

134
Q

After a slug is formed from the aggregation of the ameboids due to cAMP what takes place?

A

Slug moves towards light, and forms a stalk. Some of the other ameboids go up the stalk to form a spore cap and germinate into spores

The spores are released and germinate to complete the cycle

135
Q

What are Plasmodial Slime Molds

A

It’s a mass of protoplasm called a plasmodium with many nuclei (multinucleated).

When grown in the lab cytoplasmic streaming is observed. It moves to distribute nutrients evenly.

136
Q

What is the life cycle of plasmodial slime molds?

A

Both sexual and asexual

Micro Lecture (11 decks)

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